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What are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
Support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production (hematopoiesis), mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), and heat production via muscles.
Name the three types of muscle tissue and describe them.
- Skeletal – voluntary, striated. 2. Smooth – involuntary, non-striated, found in organs. 3. Cardiac – involuntary, striated, only in the heart.
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons connect muscle to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Define joint and name its three major types.
A joint is where two bones meet. Types: 1. Fibrous (immovable), 2. Cartilaginous (slightly movable), 3. Synovial (freely movable).
What is the origin and insertion of a muscle?
Origin is the fixed attachment point of a muscle; insertion is the movable point that the muscle acts upon.
Define osteoporosis and its cause.
A condition where bones become weak and brittle due to loss of bone density, often from aging or hormonal changes.
What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Sprain: injury to a ligament. Strain: injury to a muscle or tendon.
Define scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis.
Scoliosis: sideways spine curve. Lordosis: inward lower back curve. Kyphosis: outward upper back curve.
What does red bone marrow do?
Performs hematopoiesis—produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Differentiate between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts build bone tissue; osteoclasts break down bone tissue.
What is the periosteum and what does it do?
A dense membrane covering bones; it nourishes bone and contains nerves and blood vessels.
What are the two main parts of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton: skull, spine, ribs. Appendicular skeleton: limbs, shoulders, pelvis.
What is arthritis and name one common type.
Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness. Common type: Rheumatoid Arthritis (autoimmune disorder).
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?
Voluntary muscles (e.g., skeletal) are consciously controlled. Involuntary muscles (e.g., smooth, cardiac) are not under conscious control.
