Muscular System Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Muscular System
myology
A
scientific study of muscles
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Muscular System
skeletal muscle
A
attached primarily to bone, striated and voluntary
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Muscular System
cardiac muscle
A
most of the heart, striated and involuntary
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Muscular System
smooth muscle
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walls of hollow internal organs, blood vessels, stomach, non-striated, involuntary
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Muscular System
functions of muscle tissue
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- produce body movements 2. stabilize body positions 3. store and move substances within the body 4. generate heat
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Muscular System
tendon
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"”pick up sticks”” (panty hose) fascia, stretched beyond muscle as connective tissue attaches muscle to bone
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Muscular System
muscle fascicle
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groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, arranged in bundles
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Muscular System
muscle fiber (cell)
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1 ““pick up stick”” each muscle is a separate organ composed of hundreds of long, cylindrical cells, lie parallel to one another. contains myofibrils
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Muscular System
myofibrils
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"”piece”” threads in sarcoplasm, extends lengthwise. contain the myofilaments
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Muscular System
myofilaments
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what thick and thin filaments are called, contractile proteins
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Muscular System
thick filament- myosin
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2 golf clubs twisted together, produce power stroke
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Muscular System
thin filament- actin
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twisted helix, binding site for myosin
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Muscular System
thin filament- tropomyosin
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covers the myosin head-binding site on actin in relaxed muscle
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Muscular System
thin filament- troponin
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once bound to calcium, drags tropomyosin away from the binding sites
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Muscular System
sarcomere
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describes the arrangement of the above myofilaments. compartments where think and thick filaments are arranged. basic functional unit of the muscle cell
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Muscular System
sarcoplasm
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muscle fiber cytoplasm
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Muscular System
the sliding filament mechanism
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describes a muscle contraction. the length of the filaments do not change, filaments overlap, shortening the sarcomere as the muscle contracts.
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Muscular System
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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a fluid filled cavity around each myofibril that stores calcium via the calcium pump
19
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Muscular System
calcium
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in relaxed muscle, calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. when released starts the filaments sliding (contracts)
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Muscular System
what must happen for a muscle to contract?
A
motor neuron, action potential, acetylcholin is released, release of calcium, calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium binds to troponin
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Muscular System
ATP
A
energy source that makes all this happen
22
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Muscular System
how does muscle fiber relax?
A
action potential stops, acetylcholine stops, calcium chambers close, calcium pump removes the remaining calcium, myosin heads no longer can bind, muscle will now relax
23
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Muscular System
origin of muscle
A
attachment to tendon to stationary bone
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Muscular System
insertion of muscle
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attachment of other tendon to movable bone
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# Muscular System
belly of muscle
fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons
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# Muscular System
muscles of facial expression
originate in the bones of skull and insert into the skin
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frontal belly
scalp anteriorly
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occipital belly
scalp posteriorly
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orbicularis oris
closes and protrudes the lips. shapes the lips during speech
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zygomaticus (major and minor)
muscles for smiling
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levator labii superioris
raises upper lip
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depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
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buccinator
major cheek muscle
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platysma
draws lower lip inferiorly, depresses mandible
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orbicularis oculi
closes eye
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intrinsic of eyeball
muscles that would originate and insert inside the eye
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extrinsic of eyeball
outside the eye. fastest contracting and most precisely controlled skeletal muscles of the body.
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superior rectus
eyeball superiorly
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inferior rectus
eyeball inferiorly
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lateral rectus
eyeball laterally
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medial rectus
eyeball medially
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superior oblique
rotate eye on axis
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inferior oblique
rotate eye on axis
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muscles that move the mandible
muscles of mastication
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masseter
elevates the mandible as in chewing
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temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible as in chewing
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muscles that move the tongue
need for chewing, swallowing
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extrinsic of tongue
outside the tongue, moves the entire tongue
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intrinsic of tongue
inside the tongue, alter the shape of the tongue
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placement of hyoid bone
in the neck, between mandible & larynx, doesn't articulate with any other bone
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sternocleidomastoid
flex cervical/neck area, flex head and rotate head to side
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semispinalis capitis
acting together, extend head, singly, rotate head to side
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splenius capitis
acting together, extend head. singly rotate head to same side
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tendionous intersections
anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue
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linea alba
(white line) tough, fibrous band extends from the xiphoid process of the pubic symphysis
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rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column, lumbar and compresses abdomen
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external oblique and internal oblique
acting together, flexes vertebral. singly, latterly flexes vertebral column
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transversus abdominis
compresses abdomen
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muscles in anterolateral abdominal wall superficial to deep
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
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diaphragm
dome shaped, most important muscle that powers breathing. results in inhalation
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intercostals
breathing muscles, between the ribs
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external intercostals
inhalation
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internal intercostals
exhalation
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muscles of pelvic floor
pelvic diaphragm, stretches from pubis to the coccyx and one lateral wall to the other
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levator ani and coccygeus and ischiococcygeus
supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera
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muscles of the perineum
inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
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external urethral sphincter
expels last drop of urine and semen
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external anal sphincter
keeps anal canal and anus closed
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pectoralis minor
(anterior,deep) abducts scapula and rotates it downward
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serratus anterior
(anterior, saw-toothed) abducts scapula and rotates it upward. punching and pushing
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trapezius
(posterior) located in the neck and upper back area. elevates scapula, extends head
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pectoralis major
located in the upper chest. adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint. crosses arms
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latissimus dorsi
triangular muscle located in the middle and inferior part of back. draws arms inferiorly and posteriorly
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deltoid
located over shoulder. abducts arm, flex and medially rotate and extend and laterally rotate at shoulder joint
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rotator cuff muscles
strengthens and stabilizes the shoulder joint. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
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muscles that move the radius and ulna
most cause flexion and extension at the elbow which is a hinge joint
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flexors
anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue
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biceps brachii
flexes forearm
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brachialis
flexes forearm
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brachioradialis
flexes forearm
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extensors
posterior surface
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triceps brachii
extends forearm
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muscles that move the wrist, hand and fingers
are many and varies; located in the forearm
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anterior compartment muscles
flexors
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posterior compartment muscles
extensors
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flexors retinaculum
over the palmar surface of the carpal bones
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gluteus maximus
extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh
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gluteus medius
abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
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gluteus minimus
abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
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anterior (extensor) compartment
thigh extends the leg (at knee joint) and flexes the thigh (at hip joint)
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quadriceps femoris
largest muscle in the body. composite of four separate muscles
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rectus femoris
only one to flex thigh at hip joint
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vastus lateralis
all extends leg a knee joint
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sartorius
longest muscle in body. flexes leg at knee joint. rotates thigh at hip joint
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semimembranosus
extends thigh at hip joint
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anterior compartment (dorsiflex) - tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint
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pasterior compartment (plantar flexion) -gastrocnemius
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
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posterior compartment (plantar flexion) -soleus
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
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calcaneal (achilles) tendon
superficial muscles share this common tendon of insertion. strongest tendon of the body, inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle
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posterior (flexor) compartment
thigh flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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hamstrings
composite of three separate muscles
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biceps femoris
all
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semitendinosus
flexes leg at knee joint
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isometric contractions
tension increases greatly without a change in muscle length
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isotonic contraction
tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases
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rigor mortis
state of rigidity after death, calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Myosin heads bind to actin that won't detach from ATP absence. stuck for 24 hours then disintegrate.
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twitch
brief contraction in motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron
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muscle tone
at rest, small amount of tautness or tension due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units
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hypotonia (flaccid paralysis)
loss of muscle tone, loose, flattened. muscles may atrophy and degenerate
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hypertonia (spasticity)
increased muscle tone may become stiff or rigid
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muscular atrophy
reduction in size
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disuse
casting, bedridden
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denervation
loss of nerve supply
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cellular respiration
oxygen + glucose = ATP
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botulism
a disease characterized by severe, potentially fatal paralysis of skeletal muscles, that results from the consumption of a bacterial toxin.
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carpal tunnel syndrome
inflammation of the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons of the palm and leads to nerve compression and pain.
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compartment syndrome
Ischemia that results form accumulated blood and fluid trapped within limb muscle compartments formed by partitions of dense connenctive tissue
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fibrosis
a process in which a tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue. Fibrosis makes muscles weaker and less flexible.
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hernia
a condition involving an organ or a body part that protrudes through an abnormal opening in the wall fo a body cavity.
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Intramuscular Injection (IM)
the administration of a drug by injectiong it into the mass of a large skeletal muscle.
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ischemia
a deficiency of blood (''blood starvation'') in a body part due to compression of a regional vessels.
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muscle cramps
prolonged, involuntary, painful mussular contrations.
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muscular dystrophies
a varied collection of inherited diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration.
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myalgia
muscular pain; a common symptom of a wide variety of conditions and infections.
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myasthenia gravis
a general muscular weakness that results from a reduction in the number of Ach receptors on the motor end plate
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myoma
a benign tumor of muscle tissue
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myositis
inflammation of muscle tissue
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polio
a viral disease in which the destruction of motor neurons produces paralysis and atrophy of motor units.
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rigor mortis
a state following death during which muscles are locked in the contracted position, which make sthe body extremely stiff.
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sarcoma
a malignant tumor of mesoderm-derived tissue (muscle, bone or other ocnnective tissue).
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strains
tears or breaks in muscles
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tendinitis
inflammation of the conenctive tissue that surrounds a tendon.
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tetanus
a disease caused by a bacterial toxin that results in sustained, powerful contractions of skeletal muscles throughout the body.
