Mutation & Evalution Flashcards Preview

Biology 101 > Mutation & Evalution > Flashcards

Flashcards in Mutation & Evalution Deck (23)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Broad range antibiotics do what?

A

Attack everything

1
Q

What does sensitivity testing do?

A

Tests the effectiveness/resistance of an antibiotic.

2
Q

Narrow range antibiotics do what?

A

Attacks a small portion of a bacteria

3
Q

What are Pedigrees?

A

Visualization and tracking tool for genetic traits across generations

4
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

S phase of Interphase
copying of an organisms entire genome
critical step in cell replication

5
Q

What is Beginning Replication?

A

Origins of replication
point where dna can be easily opened up
made up of alot of Adenines & Thymines? AT Rich

6
Q

How many bonds can A:T have?

A

2 Bonds (easily opened up)

7
Q

How many bonds can GC have?

A

3 Bonds (Harder to open up)

8
Q

Describe small chromosomes?

A
Bacterial, circular
4.6 million bases
not alot of complexing proteins
no garbage dna
A single origin of replication
replication occurs simultaneously in opposite directions
9
Q

Describe large chromosomes

A
Humans, have multiple linear chromosomes
3.3 billion bases, highly complexed w/ proteins
most is garbage dna
multiple origins of replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative
10
Q

Replication Process

A

Carried out by a series of enzymes conserved across all cells

11
Q

Replication Bubble

A

Point where DNA is open & being replicated.

12
Q
  1. DNA Primase
A

Puts down a short sequence of RNA

to begin building DNA off of “primer” & eventually removed then replaced by DNA

13
Q
  1. DNA Helicase
A

separates 2 strands to allow the replication machinery to access the dna

14
Q
  1. DNA Polymerase
A

Responsible for DNA synthesis, puts down new nucleotides.
2 working simultaneously in each replication bubble
shaped like a hand with thumbs
functions are dna synthesis proof reading to see if there has been a mistake. & remove faulty nucleotides.

15
Q
  1. Dna ligase
A

Seals gaps in the dna backbone (sealent)

16
Q
  1. DNA Gyrase
A

(Topoismerase)
works far ahead of the replication machinery
relives tension in the dna created by the opening the strands & moving the bubble

17
Q

Name the 5 DNA Enzymes

A
  1. DNA Primase
  2. DNA Helicase
  3. DNA Polymerase
  4. DNA Ligase
  5. DNA Gyrase
18
Q

5’ -> 3’ is what strand?

A

Leading strand

19
Q

3’ -> 5’ Prime is which strand?

A

Lagging strand

20
Q

Which way does the Lagging strand read?

A

3’ -> 5’

21
Q

Which way does the Leading strand read?

A

5’ -> 3’

22
Q

What are Topoismerase?

A

The uncoiling of dna slightly to relieve pressure so it does not shatter.
found in DNA Gyrase