Flashcards in Mutation & Evalution Deck (23)
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What does sensitivity testing do?
Tests the effectiveness/resistance of an antibiotic.
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Broad range antibiotics do what?
Attack everything
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Narrow range antibiotics do what?
Attacks a small portion of a bacteria
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What are Pedigrees?
Visualization and tracking tool for genetic traits across generations
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What is DNA Replication?
S phase of Interphase
copying of an organisms entire genome
critical step in cell replication
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What is Beginning Replication?
Origins of replication
point where dna can be easily opened up
made up of alot of Adenines & Thymines? AT Rich
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How many bonds can A:T have?
2 Bonds (easily opened up)
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How many bonds can GC have?
3 Bonds (Harder to open up)
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Describe small chromosomes?
Bacterial, circular
4.6 million bases
not alot of complexing proteins
no garbage dna
A single origin of replication
replication occurs simultaneously in opposite directions
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Describe large chromosomes
Humans, have multiple linear chromosomes
3.3 billion bases, highly complexed w/ proteins
most is garbage dna
multiple origins of replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative
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Replication Process
Carried out by a series of enzymes conserved across all cells
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Replication Bubble
Point where DNA is open & being replicated.
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1. DNA Primase
Puts down a short sequence of RNA
to begin building DNA off of "primer" & eventually removed then replaced by DNA
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2. DNA Helicase
separates 2 strands to allow the replication machinery to access the dna
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3. DNA Polymerase
Responsible for DNA synthesis, puts down new nucleotides.
2 working simultaneously in each replication bubble
shaped like a hand with thumbs
functions are dna synthesis proof reading to see if there has been a mistake. & remove faulty nucleotides.
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4. Dna ligase
Seals gaps in the dna backbone (sealent)
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5. DNA Gyrase
(Topoismerase)
works far ahead of the replication machinery
relives tension in the dna created by the opening the strands & moving the bubble
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Name the 5 DNA Enzymes
1. DNA Primase
2. DNA Helicase
3. DNA Polymerase
4. DNA Ligase
5. DNA Gyrase
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5' -> 3' is what strand?
Leading strand
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3' -> 5' Prime is which strand?
Lagging strand
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Which way does the Lagging strand read?
3' -> 5'
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Which way does the Leading strand read?
5' -> 3'
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