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PHSL101 > Nerve/muscles > Flashcards

Nerve/muscles Flashcards

1
Q

The primary functional cell of the nervous system is called a

A

Neuron

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2
Q

What is the term used to describe the electrical signal used during cell communication?

A

action potential

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3
Q

What are sarcomeres

A

contractile units of muscles

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4
Q

When the cell membane is at RMP is the voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel open or closed

A

closed

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5
Q

When do actin-myosin cross bridges form

A

when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to troponin

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6
Q

In skeletal muscles the muscle will lengthen or shorten during _______ contractions

A

isotonic

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7
Q

A skeletal muscle fibre action potential is initiated after:

A

Acetylcholine causes the opening of sodium (Na+) channels.

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8
Q

a whole Nerve surrounds

A

fascicles

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9
Q

fascicles are surrounded by

A

neurons (cells)

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10
Q

in a neuron they include ____ to help the process of communication

A

axon

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11
Q

What are the two types of neuronal communication

A

neuron to neuron
neuron to muscle

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12
Q

Neurons communicate using signals in the form _______ and _______

A

Bioelectricity and neurontransmitters

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13
Q

bioelctricity in the neuron passes its bioelectricity onto other…

A

neurons (neuron to neuron) or muscles (neuron to muscles) to communicate

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14
Q

Bioelectricity is called an

A

action potential

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15
Q

action potential is the propagation of a change in ____ (movement of ions) across the cell membrane down an axon

A

voltage

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16
Q

The structure of the input zone of a neuron is called

A

Dendrites

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17
Q

Structure of an output zone in a neuron is called

A

synaptic terminals

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18
Q

What are the three main subtypes of muscle

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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19
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

What type of control is the cardiac and smooth muscles

A

Autonomic (involuntary)

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21
Q

What type of control is the skeletal muscle

A

somatic (voluntary)

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22
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

cell membrane that surrounds each myofibre - acts as a barrier

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23
Q

what is a sarcomere comprised of

A

filaments (myofilaments) - act as a contractile unit

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24
Q

What do mitochondria do in a muscle cell

A

create ATP (energy for muscle contraction - energy unit

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25
Q

What are Transverse tubules (t-tubules) do in a myofibre

A

they are extensions of the sarcolemma that dive deep into the muscle - regulatory unit

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26
Q

What are they two types of myofilaments sarcomere is made up of

A

Actin and mysosin

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27
Q

Actin is a thick or thin filament

A

thin

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28
Q

Myosin is a thick or thin filament

A

thick

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29
Q

What is sarcomeres appearance like?

A

Striated (stripes) = striated muscle

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30
Q

Hypertrophied mean to

A

use a muscle- making it larger

31
Q

What are two ways to hypertrophied a muscle

A
  • build more sacromeres
  • create new myofibres
32
Q

atrophied means to

A

lose a muscle e.g. sarcomeres disappear

33
Q

Transverse tubules are extensions of the sarcolemma and only occur on the surface of the muscle

A

False - occur both inside an outside

34
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Comprised of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres that it innervates

35
Q

where are motor neurons located

A

Motor neurons cell bodies (somas) are in the ventral (front/anterior) part of the spinal cord

36
Q

number of motot units activated ate any one times can be varied to change the amount of force produced what is this called?

A

recruitment

37
Q

Why do we need skeletal muscles system (what 3 functions)

A
  1. movement
  2. posture - holding skeleton up so you don’t fall
  3. Thermoregulation- reducing heat
38
Q

How many myofibers can be innervated by one axon

A

one
- one myofiber to one axon

39
Q

one axon can innervated how many myofibres

A

one axon to multple myofibers
- one ‘a’ to mm

40
Q

action potential is achieved because movement of ions across the cell membrane create ……

A

an ion gradient for more ion movement

41
Q

What charged ions attract in a electrical gradient

A

opposite charges attract

42
Q

True ore false ions require a gradient to move down electrical gradient

A

true

43
Q

What is it called when ionic charges are balanced?

A

equilibrium

44
Q

What ions move down their chemical (concentration) gradient - down the hill

A

Na+ and K+

45
Q

When a chemical concentration is balanced they are what

A

at equilibrium

46
Q

what charged ions does a gradient exist to allow it to diffuse into the cell

A

positively

47
Q

What blocks the ions from diffusing through the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

True or false because of the phospholipid bilayer ions need channels to diffuse through the cell membrane

A

true

49
Q

What are the 4 phases of the action potential

A
  1. resting membrane (RMP)
  2. depolarisation
  3. repolarisation
  4. Hyperpolarisation
50
Q

True or false at rest the RMP (voltage) is at -60mV

A

FALSE - the RMP is at -70mV

51
Q

What is the definition of voltage

A

The difference in charge across the membrane

52
Q

What cause the RPM to be at -70mV

A

Na+/K+-ATPase pumps ions against their electrochemical gradient

53
Q

True or false at RPM there is high Na+ concentration outside the cell

A

TRUE

54
Q

True or false at RMP there is high K+ concentration inside the cell

A

true

55
Q

True or false voltage gated ion channels are OPEN when the RMP of cell is -70mV

A

false they are closed

56
Q

What voltage threshold do voltage gated Na+ channels open at

A

-60mV

57
Q

What voltage threshold do voltage gated K+ channels open at

A

+30mV

58
Q

True or false = at RPM outside of the cell is + and inside -

A

True

59
Q

T/F
At depolarisation Na+ enters cell so inside becomes + and outside -

A

true

60
Q

Na+ will continue to enter the cell until the membrane potential reach what voltage?

A

+30mV

61
Q

at repolarisation voltage is +30mV so what voltage- gated channels are open and which are closed

A

Na+ = closed @ +30mV
K+ = open @ +30mV

62
Q

K+ can leave the cell down its electrochemical gradient because of the opening of the voltage- gated K+ channels

A

true

63
Q

T/F: Hyperpolarisation
K+ leaves cell so becomes -

A

true

64
Q

In hyperpolarisation: Voltage gated K+ channels remain open until a thresehold of …

A

-40mV

65
Q

K+ will continue to leave cell at hyperpolarisation until membrane potential reaches

A

-80mV

66
Q

What does refractory period mean

A

not able to generate another action potential during this period

67
Q

The axon function is to

A

send action potential down the axon (over a distance)

68
Q

t/f
at +30mV voltage- gated Na+ channels close and voltage-gated K+ channels open

A

TRUE

69
Q

What is the voltage of threshold

A

-60mV

70
Q

When voltage reaches -60mV (threshold) voltage gated __ channels will ____

A

Na+ will open

71
Q

What is the difference between Incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus

A

Incomplete= muscle fibre producing maximum tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation
Complete = relaxation phase is eliminated by higher frequency stimuli (no time for Ca to be removed)

72
Q

What is Tetanic contraction

A

One fibre
• Forced produced by a fibre at its maximum

73
Q

which type of contraction develops tension within a skeletal muscle

A

isometric, concentric, eccentric

74
Q

following postural hypotension, blood pressure is restored by

A

increasing heart rate and vadocontriction

PHSL101 (13 decks)

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