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PHSL101 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

There are more _______ cells than neurons

A

neuroglial

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2
Q

The division of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of skeletal muscles is called the:

A

Somatic nervous system

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3
Q

If you had just eaten a meal, which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system would be active to help digest the food?

A

Parasympathetic and enteric

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4
Q

what are the 3 main function of the nervous system

A
  1. Detect sensory info
  2. process info
  3. respond
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5
Q

what are the 2 sets of cells that make up the nervous system and their function

A
  1. Nerve cells (neurons- communication)
  2. Glia - Support cells
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6
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of

A

all the rest of neurons
- nerves look like spaghetti

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8
Q

What is the difference between the sensory (afferent) and the motor (efferent) divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Sensory (afferent)
• Detect
• Towards (arrive) brain

Motor (efferent)
• Respond
• Exit

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9
Q

Transduction: means…

A

conversion from one form to another e.g. a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal

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10
Q

what is the Somatotopic map (homunculus):

A

• Each sensory neuron has a receptive field
• Some are big and widely spread (arms, legs, back): fewer neurons, small rep. on map
• Some are small and closely packed (hands, face): mor sensory neurons, bigger representation on map

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11
Q

What does the left brain control

A
  • language
  • science etc

Controls right side of body

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12
Q

What does the right side control

A
  • Creativity
  • intuition

controls Left side of body

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13
Q

What is the brain made out of

A

Cortex
(like the skin on an apple)

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14
Q

what is the nuclei used for

A

emotions, memory, involuntary

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15
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Moving foot infront of body
(front of brain

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16
Q
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
A

Hands on head at back – feeling head sensory

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

• Looks like a bell hanging down
maintain balance and posture

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18
Q

Brain stem

A

• Like the stem of the flower (helps keep the flower alive- helps to keep you alive)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to brain
top of brainstem

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below thalamus
like the guard sitting at the gate controlling and monitoring chemicals etc

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21
Q

Basal nuclei

A

• Select and maintain desired movement

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22
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brains ability to reorganise and reform itself by forming new and stronger neural connections

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23
Q

3 ways neuroplasticity occurs in

A
  1. Chemical: shot term memory
  2. Connections: long term memory
  3. Excitability
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24
Q

what is a cause of a concussion

A

• Hitting head
• Brain bounces against skull
• Damages brain cells

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25
what is a treatment for a concussion
• Rest • Avoid further risk/activity • Avoid alcohol and other drugs
26
What type of control and which type of muscle is involved in the somatic motor pathway?
Control: Conscious (voluntary) Muscle: Skeletal muscle
27
3 stages of motor learning
1. Cognitive (beginner) 2. Associative stage 3. Autonomous (elite)
28
what is motor learning
• Combination of sensory detection, brain processing and motor response • Needs practice and experience • Permanent change in neural connections in brain
29
main areas of the brain involved in movement control?
• Cerebellum • Basal Nuclei
30
what does a stretch reflex prevent
prevents muscle tears
31
what does a golgi tendon prevent
prevents tendon and muscle tears
32
what does a withdrawal reflex prevent
prevents tissue damage or destruction
33
What is an example o a stretch reflex
hitting knee and legs extends forwards
34
What is an example of using the golgi tendon
Lifting a weight
35
What is an example of using the withdrawal reflex
touching something hot
36
What does parasympathetic involved in
rest and digest (calming body down)
37
What is sympathetic neurons involved in
Fight or flight (increase heart rate)
38
Which neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic neurons at effector organs
acetylcholine (ACh)
39
Which neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic neurons at the effector organs
Norepinephrine (NE)
40
What are the 2 types of ego-receptors involved in the pressor reflex
Chemo-receptors Mechano-receptors
41
what does feed forward control system do
prevent change and predict
42
what does a negative feedback control system do
detect change - will correct it after it has occurred
43
what does peripheral mean
outer edges
44
Mechanoreceptors means
actual movement from body - stretch hearing, motion
45
what does photoreceptors mean
light
46
what does nociceptors mean
pain
47
what does thermorecptors mean
pain
48
what do osmoreceptors mean
osmolarity
49
what do chemoreceptors mean
chemicals
50
what does proprioception mean
ability to know limb position with regard to space
51
what are the three somatic (body) senses involves in balance
vision vestibular sense proprioception
52
what does vestibular sense mean
head movement and orientation
53
what allows ions to enter the cell through vestibular sense
movement of the head causes extensions of hair cells to bend as the jelly around shift in your tiny inner ear organs
54
can injuries damage proprioceptor
yes - muscle tears damage muscle stretch - tendon tear damage tendon tension
55
what are the three main visceral (inner organ) for internal balance
pressure, osmolarity, acidity
56
what are baroreceptors
pressure receptors
57
osmoreceptors in ______ of brain monitor blood osmolarity
hypothalamus
58
what transduction senses changes into electricity
pressure osmolarity Blood acidity
59
what is a somatotopic map
brain map of sensory input locations
60
what is somatopic map also names
homunculus
61
the wider the surface of sensory nerves e.g. in arm, legs, bacl means they will be ___ sensory neruons
fewer
62
slow adapting receptors will send action potential the ___ time stimulus is present
entire - increased intensity more receptores get activated e.g. pain
63
fast adapting receptors are (example)
thermoreceptors
64
fast adapting receptors are less intense or more intense
less intense
65
fast adapting receptors will stop sending action potentials if stimulus is ___
non-threatening
66
reducing intensity of receptors eg. pain receptors
- ice - meditation - pain medications - numbing cream
67
the parasympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter
ACh
68
the parasympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter
Acetylcholine (ACh)
69
the sympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter
acetylcholine Norpinephrine
70
The ACh for parasymapathic neurotransmitter is release at what places
1. ganglion to activate organ 2. organ to activate muscle
71
the ACh for sympathetic nt is released at
1. ganglion to activate another neuron 2. adrenal gland to activate hormal release
72
the NE nt for sympathetic is relased at
organ to activate smooth or cardiac muscle
73
NE binds to alpha what happens to blood vessels
vasoconstriction
74
NE binds to beta receptors will cause ___ of blood vessels
Vasodilation
75
In the enteric nervous system parasympatic releas of ACh = _____ contraction
increase
76
In the enteric nervous system sympathetic release of ACh = _____ contraction
decrease
77
The gut microbes are able to influence on Neurotransmitters stress/ mood behaviour T/F
true
78
what is the gut microbiome
bacteria in the gut that create chemicals to send feedback to the brain
79
does the somatic (BODY) Nervous system have voluntary control
Yes - aware of sensory voluntary moror control
80
what is the autonomic nervous system control area like?
not aware of sensory input involuntary of motor e.g. auto pilot = out of control
81
what are the two type of ego-receptors activated in working muscles
1. Chemo-receptors 2. mechano-receptors
82
what does the chemo-receptor respond to
increased level of waste products from production of ATP use lactic acid and CO2
83
What does the mechoreceptors respond to
stretch and compressive forces by contracting the muscle
84
exercise pressor reflex will increase sympathetic response causeing:
increase in HR increase of strength of contraction increase blood pressure
85
GI system gets what it needs by absorbing nutrients into the blood from the break down of food T/F
true
86
how does the respirtory sytem gets what is needs
gas exchange - O2 into blood, CO2 leaves balance level of PH of blood
87
how does the urinary system gets what it needs
filiters waste out of blood Balance osmolarity of blood balance pH of blood
88
how do the CV cells get what they need
maintains BP pumps nutirent rich blood to all cells pumps waste products to kidney and lungs to be elimated from the blood
89
how do the endocrine cells get what they need
hormone control of balancing blood glucose helps cells to use glucose from blood
90
are baroreceptors in the gut and what are they used for
yes - they are stretch receptors
91
are baroceptors in the CV
yes they are in the heart and the arteries
92
what does feedfoard response
predict change
93
what does negative feedback mean
correcting a change after it has occurred e.g. shivering when cold
94
Norepinephrine is the same as what
adreniline
95
what are 3 examples of stimulus transduction for outer body balance
1. vision 2. vestibular sense 3. proprioception
96
what are 3 examples of stimulus transduction for internal body balance
1. pressure 2. osmolarity 3. acidity
97
why would a person feel only a single touch when two points a re placed on their skin at the same time
both points are touching within the same receptive field
98
T/F sensory adaptation occurs when a receptor becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time
false

PHSL101 (13 decks)

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