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PHSL101 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

There are more _______ cells than neurons

A

neuroglial

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2
Q

The division of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of skeletal muscles is called the:

A

Somatic nervous system

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3
Q

If you had just eaten a meal, which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system would be active to help digest the food?

A

Parasympathetic and enteric

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4
Q

what are the 3 main function of the nervous system

A
  1. Detect sensory info
  2. process info
  3. respond
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5
Q

what are the 2 sets of cells that make up the nervous system and their function

A
  1. Nerve cells (neurons- communication)
  2. Glia - Support cells
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6
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of

A

all the rest of neurons
- nerves look like spaghetti

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8
Q

What is the difference between the sensory (afferent) and the motor (efferent) divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Sensory (afferent)
• Detect
• Towards (arrive) brain

Motor (efferent)
• Respond
• Exit

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9
Q

Transduction: means…

A

conversion from one form to another e.g. a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal

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10
Q

what is the Somatotopic map (homunculus):

A

• Each sensory neuron has a receptive field
• Some are big and widely spread (arms, legs, back): fewer neurons, small rep. on map
• Some are small and closely packed (hands, face): mor sensory neurons, bigger representation on map

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11
Q

What does the left brain control

A
  • language
  • science etc

Controls right side of body

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12
Q

What does the right side control

A
  • Creativity
  • intuition

controls Left side of body

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13
Q

What is the brain made out of

A

Cortex
(like the skin on an apple)

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14
Q

what is the nuclei used for

A

emotions, memory, involuntary

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15
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Moving foot infront of body
(front of brain

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16
Q
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
A

Hands on head at back – feeling head sensory

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

• Looks like a bell hanging down
maintain balance and posture

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18
Q

Brain stem

A

• Like the stem of the flower (helps keep the flower alive- helps to keep you alive)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to brain
top of brainstem

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below thalamus
like the guard sitting at the gate controlling and monitoring chemicals etc

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21
Q

Basal nuclei

A

• Select and maintain desired movement

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22
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brains ability to reorganise and reform itself by forming new and stronger neural connections

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23
Q

3 ways neuroplasticity occurs in

A
  1. Chemical: shot term memory
  2. Connections: long term memory
  3. Excitability
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24
Q

what is a cause of a concussion

A

• Hitting head
• Brain bounces against skull
• Damages brain cells

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25
Q

what is a treatment for a concussion

A

• Rest
• Avoid further risk/activity
• Avoid alcohol and other drugs

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26
Q

What type of control and which type of muscle is involved in the somatic motor pathway?

A

Control: Conscious (voluntary)
Muscle: Skeletal muscle

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27
Q

3 stages of motor learning

A
  1. Cognitive (beginner)
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous (elite)
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28
Q

what is motor learning

A

• Combination of sensory detection, brain processing and motor response
• Needs practice and experience
• Permanent change in neural connections in brain

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29
Q

main areas of the brain involved in movement control?

A

• Cerebellum
• Basal Nuclei

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30
Q

what does a stretch reflex prevent

A

prevents muscle tears

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31
Q

what does a golgi tendon prevent

A

prevents tendon and muscle tears

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32
Q

what does a withdrawal reflex prevent

A

prevents tissue damage or destruction

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33
Q

What is an example o a stretch reflex

A

hitting knee and legs extends forwards

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34
Q

What is an example of using the golgi tendon

A

Lifting a weight

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35
Q

What is an example of using the withdrawal reflex

A

touching something hot

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36
Q

What does parasympathetic involved in

A

rest and digest (calming body down)

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37
Q

What is sympathetic neurons involved in

A

Fight or flight (increase heart rate)

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38
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic neurons at effector organs

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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39
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic neurons at the effector organs

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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40
Q

What are the 2 types of ego-receptors involved in the pressor reflex

A

Chemo-receptors
Mechano-receptors

41
Q

what does feed forward control system do

A

prevent change and predict

42
Q

what does a negative feedback control system do

A

detect change
- will correct it after it has occurred

43
Q

what does peripheral mean

A

outer edges

44
Q

Mechanoreceptors means

A

actual movement from body - stretch hearing, motion

45
Q

what does photoreceptors mean

A

light

46
Q

what does nociceptors mean

A

pain

47
Q

what does thermorecptors mean

A

pain

48
Q

what do osmoreceptors mean

A

osmolarity

49
Q

what do chemoreceptors mean

A

chemicals

50
Q

what does proprioception mean

A

ability to know limb position with regard to space

51
Q

what are the three somatic (body) senses involves in balance

A

vision
vestibular sense
proprioception

52
Q

what does vestibular sense mean

A

head movement and orientation

53
Q

what allows ions to enter the cell through vestibular sense

A

movement of the head causes extensions of hair cells to bend as the jelly around shift in your tiny inner ear organs

54
Q

can injuries damage proprioceptor

A

yes
- muscle tears damage muscle stretch
- tendon tear damage tendon tension

55
Q

what are the three main visceral (inner organ) for internal balance

A

pressure, osmolarity, acidity

56
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

pressure receptors

57
Q

osmoreceptors in ______ of brain monitor blood osmolarity

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

what transduction senses changes into electricity

A

pressure
osmolarity
Blood acidity

59
Q

what is a somatotopic map

A

brain map of sensory input locations

60
Q

what is somatopic map also names

A

homunculus

61
Q

the wider the surface of sensory nerves e.g. in arm, legs, bacl means they will be ___ sensory neruons

A

fewer

62
Q

slow adapting receptors will send action potential the ___ time stimulus is present

A

entire
- increased intensity more receptores get activated e.g. pain

63
Q

fast adapting receptors are (example)

A

thermoreceptors

64
Q

fast adapting receptors are less intense or more intense

A

less intense

65
Q

fast adapting receptors will stop sending action potentials if stimulus is ___

A

non-threatening

66
Q

reducing intensity of receptors eg. pain receptors

A
  • ice
  • meditation
  • pain medications
  • numbing cream
67
Q

the parasympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter

A

ACh

68
Q

the parasympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

69
Q

the sympathetic neurotransmiter releases what neuotransmitter

A

acetylcholine
Norpinephrine

70
Q

The ACh for parasymapathic neurotransmitter is release at what places

A
  1. ganglion to activate organ
  2. organ to activate muscle
71
Q

the ACh for sympathetic nt is released at

A
  1. ganglion to activate another neuron
  2. adrenal gland to activate hormal release
72
Q

the NE nt for sympathetic is relased at

A

organ to activate smooth or cardiac muscle

73
Q

NE binds to alpha what happens to blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction

74
Q

NE binds to beta receptors will cause ___ of blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

75
Q

In the enteric nervous system parasympatic releas of ACh = _____ contraction

A

increase

76
Q

In the enteric nervous system sympathetic release of ACh = _____ contraction

A

decrease

77
Q

The gut microbes are able to influence on Neurotransmitters stress/ mood behaviour
T/F

A

true

78
Q

what is the gut microbiome

A

bacteria in the gut that create chemicals to send feedback to the brain

79
Q

does the somatic (BODY) Nervous system have voluntary control

A

Yes
- aware of sensory
voluntary moror control

80
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system control area like?

A

not aware of sensory input
involuntary of motor
e.g. auto pilot = out of control

81
Q

what are the two type of ego-receptors activated in working muscles

A
  1. Chemo-receptors
  2. mechano-receptors
82
Q

what does the chemo-receptor respond to

A

increased level of waste products from production of ATP use lactic acid and CO2

83
Q

What does the mechoreceptors respond to

A

stretch and compressive forces by contracting the muscle

84
Q

exercise pressor reflex will increase sympathetic response causeing:

A

increase in HR
increase of strength of contraction
increase blood pressure

85
Q

GI system gets what it needs by absorbing nutrients into the blood from the break down of food
T/F

A

true

86
Q

how does the respirtory sytem gets what is needs

A

gas exchange - O2 into blood, CO2 leaves
balance level of PH of blood

87
Q

how does the urinary system gets what it needs

A

filiters waste out of blood
Balance osmolarity of blood
balance pH of blood

88
Q

how do the CV cells get what they need

A

maintains BP
pumps nutirent rich blood to all cells
pumps waste products to kidney and lungs to be elimated from the blood

89
Q

how do the endocrine cells get what they need

A

hormone control of balancing blood glucose
helps cells to use glucose from blood

90
Q

are baroreceptors in the gut and what are they used for

A

yes - they are stretch receptors

91
Q

are baroceptors in the CV

A

yes they are in the heart and the arteries

92
Q

what does feedfoard response

A

predict change

93
Q

what does negative feedback mean

A

correcting a change after it has occurred e.g. shivering when cold

94
Q

Norepinephrine is the same as what

A

adreniline

95
Q

what are 3 examples of stimulus transduction for outer body balance

A
  1. vision
  2. vestibular sense
  3. proprioception
96
Q

what are 3 examples of stimulus transduction for internal body balance

A
  1. pressure
  2. osmolarity
  3. acidity
97
Q

why would a person feel only a single touch when two points a re placed on their skin at the same time

A

both points are touching within the same receptive field

98
Q

T/F sensory adaptation occurs when a receptor becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time

A

false

PHSL101 (13 decks)

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