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PHSL101 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q
  • Apical membrane faces what
A

lumen

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2
Q
  • Basolateral membrane faces what
A

outside i.e interstitial space

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3
Q
  • Para-cellular pathway is between or through cells
A

between

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4
Q
  • Trans-cellular pathway
A

through

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5
Q

T/F pareacellular pathway transporter proteins required

A

False - they are not

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6
Q

for a substance to cross epithelal cells what 2 things are required

A

o Permeability
o Driving force

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7
Q

T/F the renal corpuscle is mad up of three parts glomerus, proximal tuble, and distal tubule

A

false

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8
Q

T/F secondary active transport uses movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient to move another substance up its electrochemical gradient

A

True

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9
Q

what is the defination of reabsorption

A

movement of substances from the inside of nephron back up the blood stream

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10
Q

in the proximal tubules where sodium goes …. (what follows)
- which is helped by Aquaporins (trans-cellular)

A

water follows through amino acid

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11
Q

Where sodium goes ___ follows down electrical gradient (paracellular pathway)

A

chloride

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12
Q

what type of reabsorption is proximal tubule

A

Bulk reabsorption

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13
Q

what type of epithelium do proximal tubule have

A

leaky

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14
Q

what type of reabsorption is distal tubule and what is it controlled by

A

Fine tuning reabsorption, hormones

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15
Q

what type of epithelium does distale tubule have

A

tight

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16
Q

When H+ ion concentration increases pH decreases T/F

A

true

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17
Q

diarrhoea causes loss of HCO3- which will decreases the pH of the body
T/F

A

true

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18
Q

how do buffers work

A

Minimising changes in pH, when the concentration of H+ ions changes

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19
Q

what is an acid, e.g.

A
  • releases H+
  • hydrochloric acid
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20
Q

what is a base, e.g.

A

accepts H+ from an acid

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21
Q

if an acid increases this means what is being released into the blood

A

H+

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22
Q

acid increase - pH lower or higher

A

lower - (low number)

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23
Q

base increase - pH higher or lower

A

higher

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24
Q

if base increase what happens to H+

A

binds more H+ to remove it from the blood

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25
Q

what is a pH

A

measure H+ ions in solution
- acidic or basic

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26
Q

what is the plasma (ECF) pH range

A

7.34-7.45

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27
Q

alkalosis means what to the blood

A

not enough acids -pH is more than 7.45

28
Q

how is blood acidity increased

A
  • bi product of cell metabolism
  • decrease ventilation
29
Q

How can you increase acidity through losing base

A

diarrhoea

30
Q

how is blood acidity decreases by

A
  • vomiting
  • medications and diuretics
  • hyperventilation
31
Q

what happens if pH goes outside range 7.35-7.45

A

proteins don’t work properly e.g. can die

32
Q

what are the two ways of managing pH range

A

buffering and removing acid

33
Q

what are the 3 systems that work together to control pH of body

A
  1. buffering
  2. respiratory
  3. renal
34
Q

The para-cellular route of solute transport

A

Mechanism of transport Between epithelial cells

35
Q

ADH is an important regulator of

A

Renal water reabsorption

36
Q

Bicarbonate is important because it

A

Acts as a physiological pH buffer

37
Q

In the nephron the proximal part of the tubule site of what

A

Site of bulk reabsorption

38
Q

increase in ____ means that their will be more sodium absorbed in the distal tubule which leads to an _____ in blood pressure

A

Aldosterone, increase

39
Q

what is the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

A

proximal tubule

40
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released by which gland of the endocrine

A

Posterior pituitary

41
Q

what is filtration

A

substances like glucose and water move through the blood in to the glomerulus “sieve” and into the nephron tubule

42
Q

what is secretion

A

removal of the waste products from the blood in the nephron tubule and end up in the urine

43
Q

what two things makes things move

A

driving force (energy, gradient)
permeability (through/between or channel)

44
Q

what does the glomerular filtration rate indicate

A

how well kidneys function

45
Q

what are aquaporins

A

water channels

46
Q

T/F aquaporins has to move through cells ( transcellular)

A

true

47
Q

how much does the proximal tubule need to reabsorb of water and ions and all of the nutrients that are filtered back into the blood stream

A

90-99%

48
Q

proximal nephrone reabsorbs how much water, sodium and nutrients

A

90% water, 90% Na, 100% nutrients

49
Q

what type of gradient does sodium have

A

strong electrochemical gradient - moving down (high to low - high sodium outside of cell, low inside)

50
Q

T/ F ADH is a slow hormonal regulation

A

false - fast = because blood osmolarity is an emergency of goes out of range

51
Q

T/F aldosterone is a fast response

A

false - slow = less urgent

52
Q

if you are overhydration with means that

A

hypo-osmotic
- ECF has less solutes than ICF
- cell swells
- decrease blood osmolarity
- water moves into cells

53
Q

if you are dehydrated this means

A

hyperosmotic
- ECF has more solutes than ICF
- increase blood osmolarity
- water moves out of cells
- cells shrinks

54
Q

what does hyponatremia mean

A

under sodium - overhydrated

55
Q

if you have low ADH you are dehydrated (T/F)

A

false - well hydrated

56
Q

what hormone is released if you are dehydrated

A

ADH

57
Q

how does the body correct loss of body volume (water and salt)

A

renin
aldosterone

58
Q

what is pH of ECF normal ranges

A

7.35 -7.45

59
Q

how is blood acidity increased

A

gaining acid
- Bi product of cell metabolism
- decrease ventilation

losing base
- diarrhoea

60
Q

how is blood acidity decreased

A

losing scid
- vomiting
- medication
- hyperventialtion

61
Q

T/F a buffer is a substance that minimises changes in blood pH when H+ concentration is altered

A

true

62
Q

how a buffer works
T/F when H+ concentration increases in blood HCO splits from H+ molecules
to increase change in blood pH

A

false
HCO bonds to H+
to minimses change

63
Q

how do the lungs remove acid - metabolic acidosis

A

carbonic acid breaks down to become CO2 and H2) - CO2 can then be exhaled out at the lungs
- reduced acid load back to normal correcting metabolic acidosis

64
Q

how do the kidneys remove acid - metabolic acidosis

A

carbonic acid breaks down to become H+ and HCO3-
- H+ is secreted into kidney tubules to be excreted out in urine
- HCO3 reabsorbed back into blood

65
Q

lungs keep acid by reducting ventialtion (breath hold) to cause the build up of ( during alkalosis correction)

A

carbon dioxide

PHSL101 (13 decks)

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