neuroanatomy - the human visceral system

Question 1

what are the parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 1

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 2

where does the diencaphalon extend from and to

Answer 2

the diencephalon extends from the brainstem to the cerebrum, surrounding the 3rd ventricle

Question 3

what is the function of the thalamus

Answer 3

info relay station: the thalamus relays sensory messages (just not smell) to the cerebral cortex, relays motor functions to the cerebral cortex, and regulates autonomic actives (ie sleep, alertness, and wakefulness)

Question 4

what is the interthalamic adhesion

Answer 4

grey mater that joints left and right portions of the thalamus together

Question 5

what is the internal capsule

Answer 5

thick band of white mater lateral to the thalamus

Question 6

where is the hypothalamus

Answer 6

the hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus

Question 7

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

the hypothalamus controls body activities
regulates homeostasis
produces hormones that act on pituitary gland
regulates emotional and behavioural patterns with the limbic system,
plays a role in regulating eating and drinking
regulates body temp and circadian rythm
controls and integrates autonomic division of PNS (division of ANS)

Question 8

what does the infundibulum do?

Answer 8

connects pituitary glands to the hypothalamus

Question 9

where is the epithalamus

Answer 9

superior and posterior to the thalamus

Question 10

what are the two distinct portions of the epithalamus

Answer 10

habenular nuclei and pineal gland

Question 11

what is the function the the habenular nuclei

Answer 11

olfaction and emotional responses to odors

Question 12

what is the function of the pineal gland

Answer 12

endocrine system and to secrete melatonin

Question 13

what are the 3 structures of the brainstem, in ascending order?

Answer 13

medulla oblongata, pons, and then midbrain

Question 14

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 14

the medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of the brainstem and contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that connect spinal cord to the brain

Question 15

what are the pyramids of the medulla

Answer 15

anterior prominent bulges of white mater where axons cross to opposite side at the decussation of pyramids

Question 16

what does the decussation of pyramids allow for?

Answer 16

contralateral control

Question 17

what is the function of the pons?

Answer 17

control center for respiration AND links brain n spinal cord

Question 18

what is the function of the midbrain

Answer 18

auditory and visual pathways, also allows cerebral aqueduct to pass through connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 19

what are the 4 tactum of the midbrain

Answer 19

superior colliculi (2) - these are reflex for visual activity
inferior colliculi (2) - these are reflex for auditory activity

Question 20

which nervous system are cranial nerves apart of

Answer 20

peripheral nervous system

Question 21

what is the 1st cranial nerve

Answer 21

olfactory (sensory)

Question 22

what is the 2nd cranial nerve

Answer 22

optic (sensory)

Question 23

What is the 3rd cranial nerve

Answer 23

oculomotor (motor)

Question 24

What is the 4th cranial nerve

Answer 24

Trochlear (motor)

Question 25

What is the 5th cranial nerve

Answer 25

trigeminal (sensory and motor)

Question 26

What is the 6th cranial nerve

Answer 26

abducens (motor)

Question 27

what is the 7th cranial nerve

Answer 27

facial (sensory and motor)

Question 28

what is the 8th cranial nerve

Answer 28

vestibulocochlear (sensory)

Question 29

what is the 9th cranial nerve

Answer 29

glossopharyngeal nerve (sensory and motor)

Question 30

what is the 10th cranial nerve

Answer 30

vagus nerve (sensory and motor)

Question 31

what is the 11th cranial nerve

Answer 31

accessory nerve (motor)

Question 32

what is the 12th cranial nerve

Answer 32

hypoglossal nerve (motor)

Question 33

what does the oculomotor nerve do?

Answer 33

movement of the eyeballs

Question 34

what does the trochlear nerve do?

Answer 34

movement of the eyeballs

Question 35

what does the trigeminal nerve do?

Answer 35

sends sensory innervation to the face, motor innervation to the muscles of mastification

Question 36

where in the skull does the olfactory nerve exit?

Answer 36

cribifrom plate

Question 37

where in the skull does the optic nerve exit?

Answer 37

optic canal

Question 38

where in the skull does the oculomotor nerve exit?

Answer 38

superior orbital fissure

Question 39

Where in the skull does the trochlear nerve exit?

Answer 39

optic canal

Question 40

where in the skull does the trigeminal nerve exit

Answer 40

superior oribital fissure (ophthalamic branch), the foramen rotundum (maxillary branch), and the foramen ovale (mandibular branch)

Question 41

what does the abducens nerve do?

Answer 41

movement of the eyeballs

Question 42

where in the skull does the abducens nerve exit?

Answer 42

superior orbital fissure

Question 43

what does the facial nerve do

Answer 43

controls muscles of facial expression and taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Question 44

where in the skull does the facial nerve exit

Answer 44

stylomastoid foramen

Question 45

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 45

hearing and equilibrium

Question 46

where in the skull does the vestibulochlear nerve exit?

Answer 46

the internal acoustic meatus

Question 47

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 47

taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Question 48

where in the skull does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit?

Answer 48

the jugular foramen

Question 49

what is the function of the vagus nerve

Answer 49

autonomic regulation

Question 50

Where in the skull does the vagus nerve exit?

Answer 50

the jugular foramen

Question 51

What is the function of the accessory nerve

Answer 51

innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 52

Where in the skull does the accessory nerve exit?

Answer 52

foramen magnum

Question 53

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve

Answer 53

speech, manipulation of food, swallowing

Question 54

Where in the skull does the hypoglossal nerve exit?

Answer 54

the hypoglossal foramen

Question 55

What exits via the superior orbital fissure

Answer 55

opthalamic branch of trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, and oculomotor nerve

Question 56

what exits via the optic canal?

Answer 56

optic nerve

Question 57

what exits via jugular foramen

Answer 57

glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

Question 58

What are the protective structures of the spinal cord

Answer 58

vertebral column, spinal meninges. and CSF

Question 59

What are the different spinal meninges from superficial to deep

Answer 59

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 60

What is dura mater

Answer 60

most superficial spinal meninge, thick and strong, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and continous with meningeal layers of the brain

Question 61

What is arachnoid mater

Answer 61

middle layer of spinal meninge, thin avascular covering, composed of epitheleal cells and thin strands f collagen, continous with cranial arachnoid mater

Question 62

What is pia

Answer 62

Innermost layer of spinal meninge, thin transparent layer of connective tissue, has elastic fibers and blood vessels

Question 63

what is epidural space

Answer 63

space btw vertebral canal and dua, acts as a cushion of fat and connective tissue for spinal cord

Question 64

what is subdural space

Answer 64

space btw dura and arachnoid

Question 65

What is subarachnoid space

Answer 65

space btw arachnoid and pia, contains shock absorbing CSF

Question 66

what are denticulate ligaments

Answer 66

triangular shaped extensions of pia mater that project laterally and fuse with arachnoid mater. Function to protect spinal cord from displacement and sespend spinal cord in dural sheath

Question 67

where is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

Answer 67

from C4 to T1

Question 68

cervicle enlargement function

Answer 68

accomidate grater number of nerve cells for upper extremities

Question 69

where is the lumbosacral enlargement

Answer 69

from T9-T12

Question 70

lumbosacral enlargement function

Answer 70

accommodate greater number of nerve cells for lower extremities

Question 71

what is the conus medullaris

Answer 71

termination of the spinal cord

Question 72

where is the conus medullaris located

Answer 72

it is located btw L1 and L2

Question 73

what is the filum terminale

Answer 73

extension of the pia mater that attaches spinal cord to coccyx

Question 74

what is the cauda equina

Answer 74

base of the vertebral column, it is the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves

Question 75

what does the central canal contain?

Answer 75

CSF

Question 76

what does the posterior horn of grey matter contain?

Answer 76

interneurons and axons of sensor neurons

Question 77

what does the lateral horn grey matter contain?

Answer 77

cell bodies of autonomic motor nuclei for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 78

what does the anterior horn of grey matter contain?

Answer 78

somatic motor nuclei for skeletal muscles

Question 79

what is the function of funiculus of white mater

Answer 79

to contain axon bundles called tracks that carry ascending sensory and descending motor info