peripheral nervous system

Question 1

the PNS can be broken down into which two systems

Answer 1

autonomic NS and somatic NS

Question 2

the autonomic nervous system can be broken down into which two systems

Answer 2

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 3

what does the CNS contain

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord

Question 4

what does the PNS contain

Answer 4

nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS

Question 5

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

Answer 5

31 pairs

Question 6

where do spinal nerves originate from

Answer 6

the spinal cord

Question 7

describe somatic nervous system

Answer 7

voluntary! Has both sensory and motor neurons

Question 8

where do sensory neurons convey input from?

Answer 8

receptors for somatic and speical senses `

Question 9

are sensory neurons afferent or efferent

Answer 9

afferent!

Question 10

where do somatic motor neurons innervate?

Answer 10

skeletal muscle cells

Question 11

describe the autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

it is involuntary! The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle, and glandular tissue. It also regulates visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activities in effector tissues. It can also be broken down into the SNS (fight or flight) and the PNS (rest and digest_

Question 12

what are the two portions of the afferent PNS

Answer 12

somatic sensory (carrying signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones, and joints) and visceral sensory (carrying signals from organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities)

Question 13

how many neurons in a pathway does the somatic NS have?

Answer 13

the somatic NS is a 1 neuron system

Question 14

how many neurons in a pathway does the autonomic nervous system have?

Answer 14

the autonomic nervous system is a 2 neuron system

Question 15

what does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

Answer 15

smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

Question 16

what does the somatic nervous system innervate?

Answer 16

skeletal muscles

Question 17

what sensory receptos are part of the somatic sensory division

Answer 17

vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 18

what sensory receptors are part of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 18

smell and taste

Question 19

where are free nerve endings of sensory neurons located?

Answer 19

most body tissues - especially connective tissues

Question 20

what is the functional class of free nerve endings of sensory neurons

Answer 20

nociceptrs, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 21

where are merkel discs (modified free nerve endings) located?

Answer 21

deepest layer of the epidermis (very superficial)

Question 22

what is the functional class of merkel discs?

Answer 22

mechanoreceptors

Question 23

what is the functional class of hair follicle receptors

Answer 23

mechanoreceptors

Question 24

where are hair follicle receptors located

Answer 24

in and surrounding hair follicles

Question 25

what are the 3 different types of sensory receptors

Answer 25

free nerve endings, encapsulated, proprioceptors

Question 26

type of sensory receptors are merkel discs?

Answer 26

free nerve endings

Question 27

what type of sensory receptors are hair follicle receptors

Answer 27

free nerve endings

Question 28

what is the functional class of tactile corpuscles?

Answer 28

mechanoreceptors - sensitive to light pressure, discriminative touch, vibrations of low frequencyy

Question 29

where are tactile corpuscles located

Answer 29

hairless skin (ie nipples, external genitalia, fingertips, eyelids)

Question 30

what is the functional class of lamellar corpuscles

Answer 30

mechanoreceptors (sensitive to deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency)

Question 31

where are lamellar corpuscles located?

Answer 31

dermis and hypodermis - abundent in fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples

Question 32

what is the functional class of ruffini corpuscles

Answer 32

mechnoreceptors (sensitive to deep pressure and strecth - espically of tendons)

Question 33

where are ruffini corouscles located?

Answer 33

deep in the dermis, hypodermis, and joint capsules

Question 34

what are the 3 types of encapsulated sensory receptors?

Answer 34

tactile corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles`

Question 35

what is the functional class of muscle spindles?

Answer 35

mechanoreceptors (detect muscle stretch)

Question 36

where are muscle spindles located?

Answer 36

skeletal muscles (particularly extremities)

Question 37

what is the functional class of tendon organs

Answer 37

mechanoreceptors - detect tendon stretch

Question 38

where are tendon organs located?

Answer 38

tendons

Question 39

what are the two different types of proprioceptors

Answer 39

muscle spindles and tendon organs

Question 40

where is the lateral horn of the spinal cord located?

Answer 40

ONLY throacic region, lumbar region, and sacral region

Question 41

what is the lateral horn of the spinal cord responsible for

Answer 41

sympathetic division

Question 42

what is the anterior horn of the spinal cord responsible for

Answer 42

motor neurons

Question 43

purpose of spinal nerves

Answer 43

comminication btw brain and body parts, voluntary and involuntary actions, highway for sensory and motor integrations, rapid autonomic responses via reflex

Question 44

what does the epineurium encapsulate in spinal nerves

Answer 44

the entire nerve itself

Question 45

what does the perineurium encapsulate in spinal nerves

Answer 45

fassicles (bundles of nerve axons)

Question 46

what does the endoneurium encapsulate in spinal nerves

Answer 46

the individual nerve fibers

Question 47

how many cervical spinal nerves?

Answer 47

8 (7 of which leave spinal cord above corresponding vertebral level)

Question 48

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

Answer 48

5

Question 49

how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves

Answer 49

5

Question 50

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves

Answer 50

1

Question 51

what do the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves contain?

Answer 51

axonal processes of sensory neurons coming from the posterior horn

Question 52

what is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 52

an enlargement of the dorsal roots containing clusters of cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 53

what is the function of the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 53

sensory motor relay station by processing and modulating sensory signals before reaching CNS

Question 54

what do the ventral roots of the spinal nerve contain?

Answer 54

axonal processess of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Question 55

what region do the dorsal and ventral rami supply?

Answer 55

somatic region of the body

Question 56

what kind of fibers do the dorsal and ventral rami contain?

Answer 56

both sensory and motor

Question 57

where does the dorsal rami supply

Answer 57

the dorsum of the neck and back

Question 58

where does the ventral rami supply

Answer 58

anterior and lateral regions of neck and trunk, all regions of the limbs

Question 59

how many primary nerve plexuses come from the ventral rami

Answer 59

4 - cervicle plexus

Question 60

which spinal nerves contribute to the cervicle plexus

Answer 60

C1-C4

Question 61

what does the cervicle plexus supply

Answer 61

sensory and motor innervation to neck and head

Question 62

what spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus

Answer 62

C5-T1

Question 63

what does the brachial plexus supply

Answer 63

sensory and motor innervation to shoulder and upper limbs

Question 64

what spinal nerves contribute tot eh lumbar plexus

Answer 64

L1-L4

Question 65

what does the lumbar plexus supply

Answer 65

nerves to the lower back, abdominal wall, and lower limb

Question 66

what spinal nerves contribute to the sacral plexus

Answer 66

L4-S5

Question 67

what does the sacral plexus supply

Answer 67

innervates buttocks, pelvic structures, and remainder of lower limb

Question 68

what is the motor reflex arc?

Answer 68

a neural pathway that mediates rapid involunatry actions, it integrates sensory inputs and motor outputs, and it provides physiological and neural response against potential harmful stimuli

Question 69

what are dermatomes

Answer 69

sections of skin innervated by a single nerve