NIMS Book 1 - Section II - Appendix A Flashcards
1
Q
Basically, size up consists of the following three operations:
- Analyzing the ____________
- Deciding on a _______ (___________)
- Placing the _______ into ____________ (tactics)
A
- situation
- plan (strategy)
- plan / operation
p 102
2
Q
During a size-up one of the first considerations should be type and construction of the building. These two factors will indicate:
- Rate of ___________
- Possible avenues of fire _________
- Problems that will have a direct impact on efforts to __________ a fire
- _____________ integrity
- _________ necessary to conduct safe fireground operations
A
- burning
- spread
- confine
- structural
- time
p 102
3
Q
_____________ construction uses structural members that depend on size for strength.
A
Conventional
p 103
4
Q
The greater the _______ for a structural member, the __________ it has to be to support a given load.
A
span / larger
p 103
5
Q
In conventional construction the size of structural members dictates the time necessary for?
A
failure when exposed to heat or fire
p 103
6
Q
Conventional Construction
Size = ___________
A
Strength
p 103
7
Q
In _____________ construction strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension.
A
lightweight
p 104
8
Q
In lightweight construction the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the?
A
total sum of the other members
p 104
9
Q
Lightweight Construction (Less than Average Weight / Size) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Strenght
A
Compression/Tension = Strength
p 104
10
Q
A working knowledge of building construction provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate ______-_____ of a structure, and it also provides the foundation for effective, timely and safe fireground operations in the following areas:
- _____________ integrity
- __________ placement
- __________ entry / _________ and rescue
- ___________ feasibility
- Operations - ___________ or ____________
A
size-up / structural / ladder / forcible/search / offensive or defensive
p 102
11
Q
A single lightweight truss structural member can span _____ feet and may be comprised of _____x_____ in compression and tension to form an integral unit.
A
70 feet / 2x4s
p 104
12
Q
With few exceptions ____x____ and ____x____ are the standard for lightweight construction, while conventional construction will utilize a minimum of ____x____.
A
2x3’s / 2x4’s / 2x4’s
p 105
13
Q
The ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent of the following factors:
- Type of ______________
- How long the fire has been ___________
- Fire ___________
A
- construction
- burning
- intensity
p 105
14
Q
A ________ roof is a frame configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consist of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls.
A
gable
p 106
15
Q
Gable roofs are found in ___________ to _______ pitch configurations.
A
semi flat / steep
p 106
16
Q
Metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness and depth of penetration. The most common are ____-_______ steel plates with prongs that produce _____-inch penetration.
A
18-gauge / 3/8 inch
p 106
17
Q
The strong areas of a gable roof are the ________ and the area where the rafters cross the ___________ _______.
A
ridge / outside walls
p 107
18
Q
In gable roofs _________ are under tension and compression.
A
trusses
p 107
19
Q
When the bottom ________ or ____________ fails, trusses will fail.
A
chord or webbing
p 107
20
Q
__________ burns and fails at a faster rate than sheathing, and it offers minimal resistance to fire.
A
Plywood
p 107
21
Q
__________, ________, and ___________ _________ board are also currently used as a decking in an effort to reduce building costs, and they can be more hazardous than plywood.
A
Particle, chip, and oriented strand board (O.S.B)
p 107
22
Q
The ______ roof is similar to the gable roof.
A
hip
p 107
23
Q
__________ rafters are used where two roof lines join together in hip roofs.
A
Valley rafters
p 108
24
Q
In hip roofs _______ and _______ rafters complete the structural members.
A
jack / common
p 108
25
In hip roofs rafters are usually ____ to ____ inches on-center, similar to the gable roof.
16 to 24 inches
p 108
26
Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and the area where the rafters cross the _________ ______ are areas of strenght.
outside walls
p 108
27
__________ _______ roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930s and 1940s.
Bridge truss
p 109
28
In bridge truss roof construction wooden truss members are built from ____x____ inch lumber.
2x12 inch
p 109
29
In bridge truss roofs the rafters are ____x____ inches or larger and covered by ____x____ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material.
2x6 inches / 1x6 inch
p 109
30
The bridge truss roof is well ___________. When exposed to fire, early collapse of ______ structural members should not be a primary concern.
constructed / main
p 109
31
The bridge truss roof is easily identified by its characteristic ___________ ends.
sloping
p 109
32
The ____________ ________ roof is similar to the bridge truss roofs.
bowstring arch
p 110
33
The bowstring arch roof was a popular type of roof constructed during the 19____s, 19____s, and 19____s on both small and large commercial type structures.
1930s, 1940s, and 1950s
p 110
34
Usually a large size ( ____x____ or ____x____ inch ) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members.
2x12 or 2x14 inch
p 110
35
___________ sheating was used prior to 1933 and __________ sheating was used after 1933.
Straight / diagonal
p 110
36
Most bowstring arch roofs are well _____________.
constructed
p 110
37
A bowstring truss roof is similar to the bridge truss roof, it usually fails in __________ depending on the type of fire and structural integrity of the roof.
sections
p 110
38
In bowstring truss roofs strength is dependent on the size of __________ used and the span of _________.
lumber / trusses
p 110
39
A __________ _______ roof is a roof patterned with an egg crate, geometric, or diamond design.
lamella arch
p 110
40
Lamella arch roofs are constructed from ____x____ inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing.
2x12 inch
p 110
41
The lamella arch roof is supported by exterior ___________, or internal _____ ______ with turnbuckles.
buttresses / tie rods
p 111
42
Lamella arch roofs are common on _______________, large buildings used for recreational activities, large ________________, etc.
gymnasiums / supermarkets
p 111
43
A __________ arch roof is solidly built with good construction techniques and lumber.
lamella
p 111
44
What roof is similar in appearance to bowstring arch and lamella roofs?
tied truss arch roof
p 111
45
This is an arched roof that uses metal tie rods to offer lateral support for walls of the building?
tied truss arch roof
p 111
46
On tied truss arch roofs the top chords of arch members may use laminated _____x_____'s or larger members.
2x12's
p 112
47
A ______ _______ _______ roof uses a large size of lumber (2x12 inches or larger) and 1x6 inch sheathing as roof decking.
tied truss arch roof
p 112
48
What is the primary hazard of tied truss arch roofs?
early failure of the metal tie rods and turnbuckles
p 112
49
A ______________ roof is used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies.
sawtooth
p 112
50
What type of roof is basically constructed the same today as it was during the 1930s and 1940s?
sawtooth roofs
p 112
51
What roof is easy to ventilate by using the hinged panes of glass?
sawtooth roof
p 113
52
Wood rafters of various size (2x6 inches or larger) are laid across outside walls or outside wall to interior walls / structural supports to form what roofs?
Conventional flat roof
p 113
53
What roof construction consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are connected by a wooden stem?
Wooden I Beam roof
p 114
54
Nailing blocks are placed perpendicular to the top chords and are spaced _____ feet apart in wooden I beam roofs.
4 feet
p 115
55
What practice in wooden I beam roof construction removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent I beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire?
running heating and air conditioning ducts of various sizes through the stems.
p 116
56
Ventilation personnel must be aware of _________ ________ when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.
nailing blocks
p 116
57
________ _______ construction consist of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross connected by steel tube web members.
Open web
p 116
58
Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation and is constructed with other __________ chords laid on edge of _______ _______ chords.
parallel / flat laid
p 116
59
In open web roof construction spans up to _____ feet are possible using a single 2x4 or two 2x3s as top and bottom chord members.
70 feet
p 116
60
In open web roof construction when plywood decking is nailed to structural members, a method termed ____________ _________ is employed.
diaphragm nailing
p 117
61
Expect to find a lack of ______ _______ in open web roof construction.
fire stops
p 117
62
Wood trusses predominantly composed of 2x4s are held together by metal gusset plate connectors in what type of construction?
Metal gusset plate roofs
p 117
63
Utilization of 2x4s in a span of up to _____ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs.
80 feet
p 118
64
Panelized roofs consist of four major components:
* ________ (laminated wood or metal)
* ________
* ___x___ inch joints
* ___ inch plywood decking
* Beams
* Purlins
* 2x4
* 2 inch
p 118
65
A common size for a ________ is 4x12 inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam.
purlin
p 119
66
What are the strengths of panelized roofs?
* ________
* _________
* Building ___________
* Beams
* Purlins
* Building perimeter
p 120
67
_______ ______ _____ ________ construction uses a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of large and small buildings.
Open web bar joist
p 120
68
Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat (steel begins to lose its strength at ______ *F) will expand, twist and possibly fail and is a hazard in open web bar joist construction.
1000 *F
p 121
69
In ____________ __________ roof construction a steel or wood substructure is covered by corrugated metal.
lightweight concrete
p 121
70
In lightweight concrete roof construction an air-entrained mixture of ______, ________, and occasionally _____ ________ is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and 4x4 inch or 6x6 inch ______ _______ to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches.
sand, concrete, pea gravel / wire mesh
p 121
71
What are some strengths of light weight concrete roofs?
- strong, hard surface
- structurally sound and resistant to fire
p 121
72
Concrete roofs are difficult to penetrate with a _______ ______ or rotary saw with a _________ blade. Use a rotary saw with a ____________ blade or _________ tipped wood blade to cut ventilation openings.
chain saw / masonry / diamond / carbide
p 121
73
Buildings that are primarily constructed of metal can be categorized as ____________ and ________ _______.
corrugated / metal beam
p 121
74
Hazards of corrugated roofs:
- _____________ portions of these buildings will quickly fail when subjected to sufficient heat or fire
- Steel loses its __________ strength at 1000*F and ___________ or ___________ offers little resistance to fire.
- ______ ___________ operations on these buildings should be considered extremely dangerous.
- corrugated
- tensile / aluminum or fiberglass
- roof ventilation
p 122
75
Metal beam buildings have a substructure of steel beams, usually coated with a spray-on ______ _________ material.
fire retardant
p 122
76
The metal beam skeleton is then finished with an exterior of ___________, ___________, _________ or similar materials.
concrete, masonry, glass
p 122
77
A metal beam building will vary from ______ _________ to the tallest ______ _______.
two stories / high rise
p 122
78
Hazards of metal beam buildings:
- _____________ _____________ of fire and smoke to upper floors is enhanced in buildings with multiple floors. Falling ________ of ________ or other building materials may also be present.
- What you see is not what you get. ___________ ___________ your area and being familiar with construction and specific buildings is key.
- When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand ____ inches per ______ feet, which can push out walls.
Vertical extension / panels of glass
Prefire planning
9 inches / 100 feet
p 122
79
Concrete construction methods:
_______ _____ buildings are made of concrete slabs that have been tilted up into place to form exterior walls of a structure.
Tilt Up
p 122
80
Buildings that have masonry as the prime material can be categorized as follows:
* ________
* Pre-______
* Post-______
* Post-______
* Post-______
* Brick
* Pre-1933
* Post-1933
* Post-1952
* Post-1971
p 123-124
81
Brick buildings constructed up until the 1930s are commonly classified as _____________ masonry buildings.
unreinforced
p 123
82
Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 have the following characteristics:
* Mortar consisting of ______ and ______ only, no cement
* Lack of steel ___________ rods
* Brick exterior walls about _____ inches thick
* ___________ walls around the perimeter of a roof
* sand and lime
* reinforcing
* 13 inches
* parapet
p 123
83
Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 characteristics:
* Floor or roof joists that are let ( _____________ or ___________ in a cavity) into the inside of exterior walls
* Straight roof ____________
* Roof and floor joists that are ______ ______ (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down exterior walls.
* penetrated or resting
* sheathing
* fire cut
p 124
84
The following revisions characterize the masonry buildings built after 1933:
* Exterior walls are required to be at least ____ inches thick
* Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with ________ _________
* All joists and rafters are required to be anchored to ___________ ______
* ___________ utilized in the mortar
* ____________ roof sheathing
* 9 inches
* steel rebar
* exterior walls
* cement
* diagonal
p 124
85
Post 1952 building codes were modified to require the following retroactive correction on existing buildings of masonry construction:
* A 4 to 6 inch concrete _______-________ cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits
* Parapet walls should not be higher than _____ inches, including the bond-beam cap.
* Exterior walls should be drilled at the roof rafter level and a _______ _________ bar/rod installed every _____ feet and attached to the existing roof rafter. This modification rendered the ______ _____ to the roof rafter ineffective.
* bond-beam
* 16 inches
* steel anchor / ____ feet / fire cut
p 124
86
Post 1971 - This review was instrumental in additional retroactive corrections (EARTHQUAKE ORDINANCE) designed to prevent exterior walls from collapsing outward by stabilizing the building by:
* Anchoring walls to _______ and _______ systems
* Strengthening ______ construction (plywood, metal, straps, etc.)
* floor and roof
* roof
p 125
87
Brick identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* ________ _____-_________ on the exterior of a building
* A _______-_______ cap of concrete on top of parapet walls
* Deeply recessed ____________ _________
* Windows may have ____________ or __________ lintels
* rafter tie-plates
* bond-beam
* window frames
* arched or straight
p 125
88
Brick Identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* The line mortar between the bricks is ________, _________ and ________ and may be easily rubbed away by a fingernail, knife, etc.
* In every _________ to __________ row of bricks, one row will have been laid on-end. This row of bricks is referred to as the _______ ______ and is for additional strenght.
* white, porous, and sandy
* fourth to seventh
* king row
p 125
89
A _________ can be defined as an "identifiable style of construction on the exterior of a building that will conceal and spread the travel (extension) of fire."
facade
p 128
90
Facades are external _________.
attics
p 128
91
__________ are utilized to conceal equipment and machinery on flat roofs.
facades
p 128
92
Facades are usually open or common to the ________ of a building.
attic
p 129
93
Unless proven otherwise, expect any facade not to be ______-___________ and open to the ________ of the building.
fire-stopped / attic
p 129
94
Facades normally hide or conceal the _______ _______.
roof line
p 129
95
Roofs that are lower than a facade utilize __________ for drainage. The __________ is the actual roof line.
scuppers / scuppers
p 129
96
_______ _______ are between the attic vent and top of the facade or parapet.
Roof lines
p 129
97
_____________ that can be seen above a facade will indicate the roof is in close proximity.
Equipment
p 130
98
Roof lines are between the top of ___________ and the top of the __________ or __________.
windows / facade or parapet
p 130
99
Rafter _____ ________ indicate the location of roof rafters and identify the roof line.
tie plates
p 130
100
Bungalow Construction can be classified as an ______ ________ of lightweight construction.
old type
p 130
101
Bungalow construction has increased exposure problems due to all-_______ construction.
wood
p 130
102
Although these buildings can be considered structurally sound they often hide __________ _____________, which does not use horizontal fire blocking in the walls between multiple floors separating the attic from open vertical runs in the walls.
ballon construction
p 130
103
When knob and tube wiring construction exist, particular emphasis must be placed on eliminating the ?
electrical service to the involved structure
p 131
104
What construction method has dramatically cut the time necessary to complete the multistory and high rise buildings by bolting prefabricated panels on the exterior of buildings?
Curtain construction method
p 131
105
Depending on the particular method that is employed curtain construction can be about _____ percent faster than conventional construction.
60%
p 131
106
True or False:
Aluminum exposed to the same conditions as steel will lose its tensile strength and possibly fail in a shorter period of time?
True
p 131
107
When approaching any building, consider its ______.
AGE
p 132
108
What are the three general time periods that can be used to classify buildings:
Pre-1933
1933 to late 1950s
1950s to the present
p 132
109
Pre-1933
Structures built during this time period are characterized by the following:
* Unreinforced ___________. Roofs on these buildings are constructed using ____________ methods.
* Structures that use the wood shiplap exterior, ___________ and ___________ construction and _______ and _______ wiring.
* ___________ or ___________ roof sheathing.
* masonry / conventional
* ballon and bungalow / knob and tube
* straight or diagonal
p 132
110
1933 to late 1950s
* Expect to find buildings with solid construction and in compliance with ___________ ________.
* ____________ or ____________ sheathing.
* building codes
* straight or diagonal
p 132
111
1950s to the Present:
New style buildings with concrete tilt-up walls, facades and flat roofs indicate that _____________ construction may be present.
lightweight
p 132
112
Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________ - The presence of lightweight construction must be ___________.
* _____________ - There must be a flow of information between IC, company commanders and other personnel that may be affected by a
particular type of construction.
* __________
* _________________
* Identification / identified
* Communication
* Time
* Operations
p 132-133
113
Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions continued:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________
* _____________
* _______ - Construction size and configuration directly affects fireground _______.
* _____________ - When the preceding factors are evaluated, a foundation will be formulated to determine the appropriate and safe implementation of interior, exterior, offensive or defensive ____________
* Identification
* Communication
* Time / time
* Operations / operations
p 132-133
