Opthomology Basics

Question 1

What are the 4 types of refractive errors?

Answer 1

Hyperopia, Myopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia

Question 2

A change in direction that occurs when a wave encounters the interface between two media

Answer 2

Refraction

Question 3

What is snell’s law of refraction?

Answer 3

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

n = index of refraction

Question 4

When parallel rays are focused in front of the retina

-Secondary to longer eyes

Answer 4

Myopia

Question 5

The correction for myopia is to push the focal point

Answer 5

Posteriorly

Question 6

When parallel rays are focused behind the retina

-Secondary to shorter eyes

Answer 6

Hyperopia

Question 7

The correction for hyperopia is to push the focal point

Answer 7

Anteriorly

Question 8

Inability to see at near secondary to age related loss of elasticity of the focusing system

Answer 8

Presbyopia

Question 9

The correction for Presbyopia is the same as for

Answer 9

Hyperopia

Question 10

When light is not bent equally in all directions

Answer 10

Astigmatism

Question 11

The correction for astigmatism is

Answer 11

Refraction

Question 12

Age related change to the lens of the eye

-Results in clouding of the lens and decreased vision

Answer 12

Cataract

Question 13

Glaucoma is a disease with which 3 cardinal components?

Answer 13

1. ) Optic Nerve Damage
2. ) Ocular Hypertension
3. ) Visual Field Loss

Question 14

Most people with glaucoma are managed by

Answer 14

Topical anti-hypertensive drops (B-blockers)

Question 15

Inflammation of the soft tissue layer (conjunctiva) that overlies the eye

-Also known as pink eye

Answer 15

Conjunctivitis

Question 16

What are the three types of conjunctivitis?

Answer 16

Infectious, allergic, and autoimmune

Question 17

95% of the time, conjunctivitis is

-Treat with observation in most cases

Answer 17

Viral and bilateral

Question 18

Inflammation of the uveal tissue, i.e. the iris, ciliary body, or choroid

Answer 18

Uveitis

Question 19

Responsible for an estimated 10% of all cases of blindness in the US

Answer 19

Uveitis

Question 20

The three main symptoms of uveitis are

Answer 20

Redness, pain, and photophobia

Question 21

Treatment for uveitis is often

Answer 21

Topical steroids such as Durezol and prednisolone

Question 22

Quick onset of action. Less risk of increase IOP and cataract. Systemic side effects

Answer 22

Oral prednisone

Question 23

Leading cause of blindness in patients over 60 in developed nations

Answer 23

Macular degeneration

Question 24

Loss of retinal pigment epithelial cells without RPE

Answer 24

Geographic Atrophy

Question 25

Photoreceptor and choriocapillaris atrophies are seen with

Answer 25

Geographic atrophy

Question 26

Marked by growth of new blood vessels -Typically begins in the choroid and extends through a break in Bruch’s membrane

Answer 26

Neovascular (Wet) AMD

Question 27

Can traverse the RPE and proliferate in the subretinal space as well

Answer 27

Neovascularization

Question 28

The new blood vessels formed in neovascular AMD are

Answer 28

Abnormal (leak and bleed)

Question 29

Induces blood vessel permeability and angiogenesis

Answer 29

VEGF

Question 30

Important in many systemic functions including pregnancy, wound healing, remodeling of ischemic myocardium

Answer 30

VEGF

Question 31

Intravitreal injection of receptor decoy fusion proteins, whole length antibodies, and fragmented antibodies

Answer 31

Anti-VEGF therapy

Question 32

Key Finding: intensive glucose control reduces complications of DM

Answer 32

DCCT

Question 33

What are the two main complications in the retina in diabetes patients?

Answer 33

Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Retinal Swelling

Question 34

What are the two characteristics of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 34

Venous bleeding and IRMA

Question 35

Characterized by a single or localized cluster of leakage sites

Answer 35

Focal Macular Edema

Question 36

Typically seen in patients older than 65 years old -Very uncommon in the young

Answer 36

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

Question 37

What percentage of individuals develop CRVO in the other eye within 5 years

Answer 37

5% are bilateral

Question 38

Characterized by painless vision loss and hemorrhages in all 4 quadrants

Answer 38

CRVO

Question 39

We see superficial flame memes and deep blot hemes with

Answer 39

CRVO

Question 40

Most common in ages 60-70 -Risks are similar to CRVO

Answer 40

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

Question 41

The typical site for BRVO is

Answer 41

Artery-vein crossings

Question 42

Blood flow to the central retinal artery is blocked with

Answer 42

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Question 43

With central retinal artery occlusion, we see severe irreversable

Answer 43

Vision loss

Question 44

A characteristic of central retinal artery occlusion is

Answer 44

Ischemic retinal whitening with cherry red spot

Question 45

A result of synchisis and syneresis

Answer 45

Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)

Question 46

The liquefaction of the vitreous gel and the formation of liquid-filled vacuoles

Answer 46

Synchisis

Question 47

The collapse of the liquefied vitreous away from the retina

Answer 47

Syneresis

Question 48

Refers to a group of inherited diseases that cause retinal degeneration

Answer 48

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

Question 49

Patients experience a gradual decline in vision as the photoreceptors degenerate

Answer 49

RP

Question 50

With RP, rods are initially involved resulting in loss of

Answer 50

Night Vision and Peripheral Vision

Question 51

The disorder is progressive and most people are legally blind by 40

Answer 51

RP

Question 52

What is the treatment for RP?

Answer 52

Gene editing (CRISPR), Gene Therapy, and Artificial Vision

Question 53

Optic nerve swelling secondary to increased pressure in the brain

Answer 53

Papilledema