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NBB Test 2 > Brainstem 1 > Flashcards

Brainstem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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2
Q

What are the three main functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. ) Integrative function
  2. ) Cranial Nerve Function
  3. ) Conduit Funciton
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3
Q

The third ventricle is located in the

A

Diencephalon

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4
Q

In the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and upper medulla

A

4th ventricle

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5
Q

The brainstem has 3 exit points for CSF circulation. What are they?

A

2 Foramen of Luschka (lateral) and 1 Foramen of Magendie (medial)

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6
Q

Drains through magendi and luschka into big cistern

A

CSF

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7
Q

It is possible to obtain CSF from the subarachnoid space of the

A

Magna Cistern

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8
Q

In a lesion of the Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts at the level of the midbrain, pons, or medulla shows

A

Contralateral deficits

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9
Q

Moves the body and travels through the brainstem

A

Corticospinal tract

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10
Q

Moves the face and has endings in the brainstem

A

Corticobulbar tract

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11
Q

Functions in descendingcontrol& modulationofsensory& motornucleiofcranial nerves

A

Corticobulbar tract

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12
Q

1st order axons of the corticobulbar tract are located in the widespread areas of the

A

Cerebral cortex

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13
Q

The 2nd order axons of the corticobulbar tract are located in the

A

Pontine and medullary reticular formation and nuclei of cranial nerves

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14
Q

Most corticobulbar innervation is

A

Bilateral

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15
Q

The corticobulbar tract in contralateral for

A

Nucleus of CNXII, lower nucleus of CN VII, and n. ambiguous innervation of soft palate and uvula (CNX)

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16
Q

The only place where the corticobulbar tract is ipsilateral is in the nucleus of

A

CNXI

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17
Q

The dorsal funiculus is also known as the

A

Dorsal columns

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18
Q

The first order axons for the DCMLS are large myelinated fibers of the

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

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19
Q

The 2nd order axons of the DCMLS are

-Decussate as internal arcuate fibers

A

Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus

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20
Q

The 3rd order axons for the DCMLS are in the

A

VPL nucleus of thalamus

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21
Q

The DCMLS crosses in the

A

lower medulla (internal arcuate fibers)

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22
Q

Medial lesions at the level of the medulla will affect the

A

Medial Lemniscus

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23
Q

Medial lesions at the level of upper pons and midbrain will not affect

A

Medial Lemniscus

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24
Q

The 1st order axons of the anterolateral system (Spinothalamic pathway) are

A

Small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of DRG

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25
The second order axons of the STT are located in the
Dorsal horn layers I, II, and V
26
The 3rd order axons of the STT are in the
VPL nucleus of the thalamus
27
The STT crosses at the
Spinal segmental levels
28
Lateral lesions at the level of the medulla, pons, and midbrain will affect the
STT
29
What is the one motor and one sensory pathway that makes synapses in the medulla?
Corticobulbar (motor) and DCMLS (sensory)
30
What is the one motor and one sensory pathway that travels through the medulla without synapsing?
Corticospinal (motor) and Spinothalamic (sensory)
31
What are the three CN's that are strictly sensory
I, II, and VIII
32
What are the 4 CN's that are mixed motor and sensory?
V, VII, IX, and X
33
What are the 5 CN's that are strictly motor
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
34
What is the pneumonic for knowing the sensory and motor classification of the CNs?
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
35
What are the two cranial nerves in the midbrain?
CN's III and IV
36
What are the 4 CN's in the Pons
V, VI, VII, and VIII
37
What are the 4 CN's in the medulla?
IX, X, XI, and XII
38
As a general rule, motor nerve nuclei tend to be located
Medially
39
As a general rule, sensory nerve nuclei tend to be located in the
Lateral brainstem
40
Lower motor neurons of CN XII nucleus  extend the full length of the medulla as a
Cell Column
41
The most important muscle used to protrude the tongue is innervated by CN XII, this is the
Genioglossus muscle
42
Are NOT parallel to eachother
Genioglossus muscles
43
You need bilateral activation of CN XII to
Protrude the tongue
44
The corticobulbar tract is mainly contralateral for
CN XII
45
Which genioglossus muscle is contracting if you stick the tip of your tongue to the right?
Left genioglossus
46
Is controlled by both corticonuclear neurons and reticular neurons for automatic/reflex movements
CN XII nucleus
47
The corticonuclear neurons innervating CN XII nucleus are for control of
Voluntary movements and articulation
48
Used for control of sterotyped movements while eating and swallowing
Reticular neurons that innervat CN XII nucleus
49
To execute voluntary face movement, we are using both
upper and lower motor neurons
50
What is the upper motor neuron for tongue movement?
Corticobulbar
51
What is the lower motor neuron for tongue movement?
CN XII
52
With an UMN lesion of CN XII, the tongue deviates to
Opposite side of damage
53
With a LMN lesion of CN XII, the tongue deviates to the
Same side a the damage
54
Results in considerable disability in speaking and severe difficulty in swallowing food
Bilateral CN XII lesion
55
The most common causes of CN XII lesions are
Motor neuron disease, demyelination, bleeding, and tumors of medulla and base of skull
56
A motor nerve that moves the neck and shoulder
CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
57
Innervates ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
Branchial motor part of CN XI (spinal part)
58
Joins CN X to control the larynx
Visceral motor part of CN XI (accessory part)
59
With a lesion of CN XI, the patient can not rotate the head to the
Healthy side (away from lesion)
60
We also see ipsilateral shoulder drop and weakened voice or hoarseness with
Lesion of CN XI
61
Made up of 2 efferent (motor) components and 3 afferent (sensory) components
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
62
Function in swallowing and vocalization, and preganglionic parasympathetic output for organs throughout body
2 efferent (motor) components of CN X
63
Motor efferents for the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal to the splenic flexure
Preganglionic parasympatetic motor of CN X
64
A major controller of the pharyngeal muscles for swallowing and the laryngeal muscles for vocalization
Motor efferents from CN X
65
In CN X, multiple nuclei make up one
Cranial Nerve
66
This multi‐functional feature means that several nuclei inside brainstem  are contributing to make a nerve but all axons are form a single bundle at the
CN X level of the medulla
67
The start of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for CN X -For organs throughout the body
Dorsal Motor Nucleus of CN X
68
The motor part of CNX for swallowing and vocalization -for muscles from branchial arches
N. ambiguus
69
Innervates nearly all pharyngeal and upper esophageal muscles (swallowing and gag reflex) and laryngeal muscles (vocalization)
N. ambiguus
70
Provides touch, pain, and temperature from selected parts of the face: 1. ) Pharynx and larynx 2. ) Meninges of posterior fossa 3. ) Small region of outer ear
CN X
71
Special visceral sensory for taste from the epiglottis and posterior pharynx -"Conscious sensory"
Nucleus Solitarius
72
Also provides general visceral sensory from chemoreceptors (carotid body) , baroreceptors (carotid sinus), and cardiorespiratory system -"Subconscious sensory"
Nucleus Solitarius
73
The rostral and caudal parts of the N. solitarius are receiving
Different sensory input
74
Receives taste signals coming from the tongue
Rostral n. solitarius
75
Receives baroreceptor and chemoreceptor signals
Caudal part of n. solitarius
76
The caudal part of the n. solitarius also receives visceral signals from the
Thoracic and abdominal viscera
77
A complete bilateral lesion of the vagus nerve is
Fatal
78
Shows widespread dysfunction of the palate, pharynx, and larynx
Unilateral lesion of the vagus nerve
79
Will show a palatal arch sagging and deviation of the uvula -also vocal muscle paralysis
Unilateral lesion of the vagus nerve
80
The uvula will point away from the affected side with
Unilateral CN X lesion
81
To test the vagus nerve, we say
AAAHHHH
82
Named for innervation of posterior tongue and pharynx
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
83
Has preganglionic parasympathetic output to only ONE gland
CN IX
84
CN IX has preganglionic parasympathetic output for the
Parotid gland
85
Like CN X, has multi-functional features, which means that several nuclei inside of the brianstem are involved. But all axons form a single bundle at this nerves level of the medulla
CN IX
86
Provides special sensory for taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
87
Provides sensory information from the posterior one third of tongue, middle ear, tympanic membrane, eustachian tube,  small region of external ear, tonsillar region, upper pharynx (afferent portion of the gag reflex)
Glossopharyngeal nerve
88
The inferior salivatory nucleus of the parotid gland is innervated by the
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
89
CN IX neurons form the inferior salivatory nucleus. This is placed in the
PONS (not medulla)
90
What is the muscle that is innervated by CN IX and is responsible for elevating the pharynx during talking and swallowing?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
91
Can cause poliomyelitis, ischaemic lesions, intramedullary tumors, motor neuron disease, and myastenia gravis
Lesions of N. ambiguus
92
Provides afferent sensory portion of gag reflex
CN IX
93
These sensory fibers act on the nucleus ambiguus motor neurons of
CN X
94
Due to the sensory actions of CN IX and motor actions of CN X, the gag reflex causes the
Palate to elevate symetrically, pharynx constricts, and larynx closes
95
Episodes of severe throat and ear pain
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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