The Eye Flashcards by Joel Glotfelty

Develops as an evagination of the developing forebrain

The Eye

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Separates neural retina from retinal pigment epithelium

-Will be obliterated later in development

Intraretinal space

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Invade the optic stalk during development

Hyaloid Artery and Vein

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The hyaloid artery and vein are ultimately enveloped into the developing optic nerve to become the

Central artery and vein of the retina

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Retinal vasculature passes through the optic nerve to enter the

Retina

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Part of the CNS and the optic nerve attaching it to the brain is an extension of the CNS

Retina

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The retina is part of the CNS and the optic nerve attaching it to the brain is an extension of the CNS, surrounded by

Meninges and CSF

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Continuous withthe meninges

Optic Sheath

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Compresses the optic nerve and impairs venous return

High ICP

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Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure

Papilledema

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Papilledema is almost always

Bilateral

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It may develop acutely (ruptured cerebral aneurysm) or over the course of several weeks or months (tumor)

Papilledema

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What are the two sites of “Sty’s”?

Sebaceous and apocrine glands of eyelids

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Interruption of sympathetic innervation to the smooth portion of the levator palpebrae superioris (Müller’s muscle) and the dilator pupillae muscle

Horner’s Syndrome

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Horner’s syndrome results in

Ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis on the affected side

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Function in lubrication, and as a moist environment for corneal epithelial cells,

Tears

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Are bacteriostatic, and provides nourishment via dissolved oxygen, etc.

Tears

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A mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids (palpebral) and the surface of the globe (bulbar)

Conjunctiva

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The conjunctiva is continuous with the corneal epithelium at the

Limbus

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Subject to (usually) viral infection, conjunctivitis or “pink eye”

-Has a dense blood and lymphatic network

Conjunctiva

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A layer of fascia that envelopes the globe from the optic nerve to the limbus

Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi)

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Pierced by the extraocular muscles

Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi)

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Reflections of the Tenon’s capsule onto the extraocular muscles form check ligaments that limit their

Actions

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The lower portion of the capsule fuses with the fascia of the inf. rectus and inf. oblique muscles to form the

Suspensory ligament of the eyeball

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The vascular layer, including the Choroid posteriorly and the ciliary body, lens and iris anteriorly

Uvea

Continuous with the Cornea (clear) at the limbus

Sclera or Corneoscleral coat

The neural layer, the Retina, an incomplete layer ends anteriorly at the

Ora Serrata

What are the two segments of the eye?

Anterior and posterior segments

The anterior segment is filled with -Constantly replaced

Aqueous humor

The anterior segment is divided by the iris into the

Anterior Chamber and Posterior Chamber

From the iris to the lense is the

Posterior chamber

The posterior segment containsthe

Vitreous humor

A gel that turns over slowly

Vitreous humor

The remnant of the hyaloid artery and vein

Hyaloid canal

Contains macrophages that phagocytose debris that escape the retina

Vitreous Humor

Comprises 75% of the refractive power of the eye

Cornea

Is avascular and has its metabolic needs met by tears (anteriorly) and aqueous humor (posteriorly)

Cornea

A highly organized collagenous matriz in the cornea

Stroma

The most densely innervated tissue in the body

Cornea

The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue in the body. It is innervated by the

Opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve

The cornea has stem cells for epithelial renewal at the

Limbus

The endothelium of the cornea has the essential role of

Deturgescence

Pumping ions out of the cornea to keep it transparent

Deturgescence

A protective mechanism for the cornea

Corneal (blink) reflex

For the corneal (blink) reflex, what is the 1. ) Afferent limb? 2. ) Efferent limb?

1. ) Opthalamic division of V | 2. ) Facial nerve

In the corneal (blink) reflex, what do the following parts of the orbicularis occuli do? 1. ) Orbital part 2. ) Palpebral part

1. ) Squinting | 2. ) Blinking

The thickened anterior portion of the Uvea (vascular layer) located between the iris and the choroid

Ciliary Body

It is a ring of tissue that supports the lens and is important in adjusting the refractive power of the lens

Ciliary body

A highly specialized epithelial structure

The (crystalline) Lens

Are 1. precisely aligned with their neighbors, 2. have minimal extracellular space and 3. accumulate specialized proteins

Lens fiber cells

Lens fiber cells accumulate specialized proteins called

Crystallins

Once proteins are made, all organelles are

Degraded

Disruption of any of these 3 can destroy the transparency of the lens, which leads to

Cataracts

Sensitive to damage by UV light. -Grows slowly throughout life

Lens

Most (~75%) of the refraction (light bending) occurs in the cornea. The remainder is from the

Lens

The refractive power of lens can be adjusted by contraction or relaxation of the

Ciliary Muscle

The image on the retina is

Upside down and reversed left to right

Since the image projected on the retina is upside down (A) and reversed left to right (B) this must be taken into account when assessing

Visual Disturbances

Allows the image formed by the eyes to fall on the fovea, the part of the retina with highest acuity

Central Fixation Point

If the image formed is not focused on the retina, the result is

Nearsightedness or Farsightedness

When the ciliary muscle contracts tension on the zonular fibers is relaxed allowing the lens to assume a more spherical shape and increase bending of light rays for

Close up vision

In older people the lens is less elastic and less likely to resume the

Spherical Shape -Bends light less

Collects aqueous humor for trabecular meshwork

Canal of Schlemm

Absorbs aqueous humor

Trabecular Meshwork

Aqueous humor passes through the pupil into the

Anterior chamber

What percentage of the aqueous humor is drained to the venous system via the 1. ) Trabecular meshwork? 2. ) Veins in the ciliary body

1. ) 90% | 2. ) 10%

For production of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium, we need

↑ β2, ↓ a2

Excessive aqueous humor pressure damages retinal ganglion cells and can lead to

Glaucoma

Provides a vehicle for nourishment of the cornea and the lens, both of which are avascular

Aqueous Humor

Similar in composition to plasma but with very low concentration of protein -Turns over about 12 times per day

Aqueous humor

What are the three laters of retinal cells?

1. ) Photoreceptors (rods and cones) 2. ) Bipolar cells 3. ) Retinal Ganglion cells

The outer segments of both rods and cones are embedded in the

Retinal pigment epithelium

In most areas of the retina, light passes through 2 layers of cells to get to the

Rods and cones

Is made up of only cones and is the area of highest visual acuity

Fovea

The inner layers of the retina, (bipolar and retinal ganglion cells) are supplied by the

Retinal Vessels

The outer layers of the retina (photoreceptors and RPE) are supplied by blood vessels in the -little to no anastomosis w/ retinal vessels

Choroid

There are three types of cones with different -Photopigments

Opsins

/what color light do the following cones pick up? 1. ) Short 2. ) Medium 3. ) Long

1. ) Blue 2. ) Green 3. ) Red

Rods have one pigment, rhodopsin, and are responsible for

Non-color vision in dim light

The distribution of rods and cones is highest on the

Temporal side of the optic disk

Part of both rods and cones contains the organelles associated with the production of proteins, rough ER, Golgi, etc

Inner Segment

The proteins produced are photopigments that are packaged into membrane enclosed compartments that resemble

Flattened discs

Contains stacks of those flattened discs

Outer Segment

The distal part of the outer segment is embedded in the

Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

Are closer to the inner segment of the rod or cone

Newly formed discs

How are the photopigment containing discs organized in the 1. ) Rods 2. ) Cones

1. ) Separate | 2. ) Continuous

Shows the distal ends of the outer segment of the photoreceptors surrounded by processes of the RPE cells

Interaction between RPE and photoreceptor cells

Shows expended discs of photopigments phagocytosed by the RPE for recycling

Interaction between RPE and Photoreceptor cells

Regenerate photopigments for reuse by the rods and cones

RPE cells

Retinal detachment denotes separation of the photoreceptors from the

RPE

The Eye Flashcards

(90 cards)