Parenting & Personality Influence Flashcards Preview

Developmental Psych > Parenting & Personality Influence > Flashcards

Flashcards in Parenting & Personality Influence Deck (18)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What 2 dimensions of parenting have researchers found that influence children’s personality development?

A

warmth versus hostility
AND
permissive versus restrictive

2
Q

How does the optimal parenting style rate on these two dimensions?

A

High on warmth and somewhere in the middle between overly permissive and overly restrictive

3
Q

How many parenting style do the experts distinguish between?

A

Four

4
Q

What are the four parenting style experts (Baumrind et al) distinguish between?

A

(1) Authoritative
(2) Authoritarian
(3) Permissive
(4) Uninvolved

5
Q

What are authoritative parents like and how do they control their children?

A

They are very warm and nurturant and control their children by explaining rules and decisions.

6
Q

Children of which kinds of parents have the best outcomes?

A

Authoritative

7
Q

Parental behavior is

A

One of the environmental variables known to have strong impact on children’s personality development

8
Q

Describe “warmth” and “hostility”

A
Warmth = affectionate, regularly puts child's needs first, enthusiastic about child's activities, responds to child with empathy & sensitivity
Hostility = quick to criticize, rarely shows affection, overtly rejecting
9
Q

How does coming from warm families affect children?

A

More securely attached during 1st 2 years of life, higher self-esteem & IQs, & more empathetic & altruistic

10
Q

Describe “restrictiveness” and “permissiveness”

A
Restrictiveness = highly controlling & demanding & expect unwavering obedience to their rules; children tend to be obedient & timid & have difficulty establishing close relationships
Permissive = few rules, make few demands, & let children make their own decisions; children are thoughtless toward others & only moderately independent
11
Q

What is the optimal parenting style on restrictiveness/permissive continuum?

A

Falls in middle of range

12
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Set high standards & expect children to comply w/their rules; gain control by explaining rules & seeking children’s input into family decisions; very warm & nurturant; children have best outcomes & are usually independent, achievement-oriented, friendly, & self-confident

13
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Controlling, demanding, & expect children to accept their demands in unquestioning way; when children disobedient, parents likely to respond in punitive ways; children are often insecure, timid, unhappy, & grow up to be dependent & lacking in motivation

14
Q

Permissive parents

A

Though nurturant & accepting, fail to assert their authority; children go to bed whenever they want to, watch as much TV as they like, etc.; children of permissive parents have difficulty controlling their impulses, ignore rules & regulations, & are not very involved in academic and work activities

15
Q

Uninvolved parents

A

Undemanding & indifferent to or rejecting of their children; display little commitment to being parents & keep children at a distance; children are often noncompliant & demanding, lack self-control, & prone to antisocial bx; characteristics of uninvolved parents (e.g., weak parental supervision, lack of reasonable rules, lax or erratic discipline, parent-child relationship characterized by hostility, indifference, apathy) are those most predictive of delinquency in adolescence

16
Q

What did Baumrind find in her longitudinal studies about parenting styles?

A

Authoritative style has most positive outcome; it is characterized by high levels of emotional support or responsiveness & firmness/high standards or demands on children;

17
Q

What are children of authoritative parents like?

A

More self-confident, independent, friendly, & achievement-oriented; recent study of college students found authoritative style is most predictive of higher academic achievement measured by students’ grades, confidence, persistence, task involvement, & rapport w/teachers

18
Q

What are moderating effects of ethnicity & peer relations on benefits of authoritative parenting on academic achievement?

A

African-American & Hispanic parents more authoritative than Asian-American parents, their children on average perform more poorly in school; researchers believe this is due in part to minority children being more influenced by peers as compared to White youngsters in terms of academic achievement; They found that African-American children received little support from peers for academic achievement whereas Asian-American children encouraged & rewarded academic achievement