Part 1: General Anatomy (Reproductive, Trunk, Mouth) Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Derivatives of the Endoderm
A
- Gut
- Respiratory tract
- organs (tubular structures
2
Q
Derivatives of the Paraxial Mesoderm
A
31 pairs of Somites
3
Q
Derivatives of the Intermediate Mesoderm
A
Urogenital system & Kidneys
4
Q
Derivatives of the Mesoderm Head
A
- Skull
- muscles
- conn. tissue of head
- dentine ***
5
Q
Derivatives of the Lateral plate of the Mesoderm
A
- Adrenal Cortex
- blood & lymph cells
- CT
- Spleen
- serous membranes of pleura/pericardium
6
Q
Derivatives of the Surface Ectoderm
A
- epidermis
- ant. pituitary
- eye lens
- enamel hair & nails
7
Q
sections of the Neuroectoderm
A
Neural Tube & Neural crest
8
Q
Derivatives of the Neural tube
A
- post. pituitary
- eye retina
- CNS
- Pineal body
9
Q
Derivatives of the Neural crest
A
- dorsal root ganglia
- ANS
- parafollicular cells of thyroid
- Adrenal medulla
10
Q
What bones undergo Intramembranous ossification?
A
clavicle & all flat bones of the skull
11
Q
What type of ossification does the sccapula undergo?
A
both intramembranous & endochondral
12
Q
Stomodeum =
A
Mouth
13
Q
Foregut =
A
oral cavity to 1st 1/3rd of duodenum
14
Q
Mid gut =
A
2/3rds duodenum to 1st 2/3rds transverse colon
15
Q
Hindgut =
A
last 1/3rd of transverse colon to anus
16
Q
What gives rise to the thyroid?
A
Foramen Cecum
17
Q
What happens in Prophase?
A
nuclear membrane disappears
18
Q
what happens in metaphase?
A
chromosomes align at midline
19
Q
what happens at Anaphase?
A
chromosomes move toward poles
20
Q
what happens during telephase?
A
seperation of chromosomes
21
Q
What does Cytokinesis mean?
A
seperation of cells
22
Q
What is the purpose of Simple squamous epithelium?
A
Air & Fluid Diffusion
23
Q
What is the purpose of Stratified Squamous epithelium?
A
Areas of high friction
24
Q
What is the purpose of Simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
Secretory
25
What is the purpose of Transitional epithelium?
stretching
26
What epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
Pseuodostratified cilicted columnar
27
what type of epithelium lines the reproductive tract?
stratified columnar
28
what epithelium lines the alveoli?
simple squamous
29
What areas are lined by stratified squamous epithelium?
oral, anal vaities
vagina
esophagus
30
Macrophages of the placenta are called…
Hofbauer cells
31
What type of tissue are tendons & ligaments?
dense regular
32
What type of tissue is the skin dermis?
dense irregular
33
What type of tissue are blood vessels?
elastic
34
What type of tissue are lymph nodes & spleen?
Reticular
35
Layers of the Epidermis from superficial to deep:
Striatum…
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Germinativum
36
What layer of the epidermis is only found on the soles of the feet and the palms?
Striatum Lucidum
37
Melanin is the ________ layer of the epidermis
Basal (basement)
38
Layers of the skin Dermis from superficial to deep
Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis
Hypodermis
39
What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
40
Action of the muscle: Palatoglossus
elevates tongue
41
Action of the muscle: Styloglossus
elevates & retracts tongue
42
Action of the muscle: Hyoglossus
depresses & retracts tongue
43
Action of the muscle: Genioglossus
Depresses & protrudes tongue
44
What CN’s are responsible for controlling the following muscles:
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
P: CN X
S, H & G: CN XII
45
What taste buds are the largest & Fewest?
Circumvallate
46
What taste buds are the smallest & most numerous?
filiform (not involved with taste)
47
What taste buds are located on the sides of te tongue?
foliate
48
Areas of the tongue and what taste they are responsible for:
1) Sweet
2) Salty
3) Sour
4) Bitter
5) Umami
1) Anterior
2) Anterolateral
3) Posterolateral
4) Posterior
5) all of the above
49
When the adenoids swell they can occlude the opening of…
the Eustachian tube
50
What CN is responsible for the muscles of mastication?
V3 branch of Trigeminal
51
What is the insertion of the Temporalis muscle?
Coronoid of the mandible
52
What is the origin of the Masseter muscle?
Zygomatic process
53
What is the Insertion of the Lateral Pterygoid muscle?
Disc of the TMJ & condyle of mandible
54
Contents of the following triangle: Anterior neck
1) Salivary glands
2) Larynx
3) Thyroid
55
Contents of the following triangle: Carotid
1) Carotid arteries
2) Int. Jugular Vein
3) Vagus nerve
56
Contents of the following triangle: Submandibular (digastric)
1) Salivary gland
2) Hypoglossal nerve
3) Myohyoid Nerve
57
Contents of the following triangle: Muscular (inferior carotid)
1) Larynx
2) Trachea
3) Thyroid
58
Contents of the following triangle: Occipital
1) Cervical plexus
2) Accessory nerve
59
Contents of the following triangle: Subclavian (Supraclavicular) (omoclavicular)
1) Brachial Plexus **
2) Subclavian artery
3) Transverse cervical artery
4) suprascapular nerve
5) terminal part of external jugular vein
60
Contents of the following triangle: Suboccipital
- Dorsal rami of C1 vertebral artery
- Suboccipital nerve
61
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Anterior
SCM, midline of neck, Inf. border of mandible
62
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Carotid
1) SCM
2) Diagastric
3) Omohyoid
63
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Submandibular (digastric)
1) Diagastric (both heads)
2) inf. border of mandible
64
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Muscular (inferior carotid)
1) SCM
2) Omohyoid
3)Midline of neck
65
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Suprahyoid (submental)
1) digastric
2) hyoid bone
66
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Occipital
1) SCM
2) Traps
3) Omohyoid
67
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Subclavian (supraclivicular)
1) SCM
2) Omohyoid
3) Clavicle
68
What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Suboccipital
1) RCP Major (medial)
2) Sup. Oblique (lateral)
3) Inf. Oblique (inferior)
69
Cervical marker for the Cricoid cartilage
C6
70
Cervical marker for the Thyroid
C4-C5
71
What laryngeal cartilage attaches to the vocal cords?
Arytenoids
72
What is responsible for Voice production?
Glottis
73
At what vertebral level does the Thoracic outlet “Inferior thoracic aperture” start?
T11-T12
74
At what vertebral level does the diaphramh sit?
T11-T12
75
What is the cardiac notch?
where the esophagus meets the greater curve of stomach
76
From superior to inferior, what order do structures pass through Diaphragm?
T8: IVC
T10: Esophagus
T12: Aorta
77
What pierces the Anterior diaphragm?
IVC
78
What pierces the Middle diaphragm?
Esophagus & Vagus nerve
79
What pierces the Posterior diaphragm?
Aorta, Thoracic duct & Azygous vein
80
Internal Intercostals are for ______________ and External Intercostals are for ____________.
Expiration; Inspiration
81
What does the Mesentary connect?
Organs to posterior abdominal wall
82
What does the Greater Omentum connect?
Greater curve of stomach to transverse colon
83
What does the Lesser omentum connect?
Lesser curve of stomach to the liver
84
AKA for Epiploic foramen
Foramen of Winslow
85
What is the Epiploic Foramen?
opening between greater & lesser peritoneal sacs
86
List of Retroperitoneal Organs: (7)
IVC
Aorta
Pancreas
Adrenals
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidney
Duodenum
87
Left Hilum structures from superior to inferior:
Pulmonary Artery
Bronchus
Pulmonary Vein
88
Right Hilum structures from superior to inferior:
Bronchus
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
89
Trachea begins and ends at what vertebral level?
C6 -> T4
90
Order of structures from Primary Bronchus to Alveoli (8)
1st Bronchus -> 2nd Bronchus -> 3rd Bronchus -> Terminal Bronchus -> Resp. Bronchioles -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveolar Sacs -> Alveoli
91
In the path from bronchus to alveoli where does cartilage stop?
At the 2nd Bronchus
92
How many bronchupulmonary segments does the R lung have and how many per lobe?
[10]
Upper Lobe -> 3
Middle Lobe -> 2
Lower Lobe -> 5
93
How many bronchupulmonary segments does the L lung have and how many per lobe?
[8]
Upper Lobe -> 4
Lower Lobe -> 4
94
Where does fluid in the lungs accumulate??
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
95
What is the name of the apex of the cervical pleura
Cupola
96
The sternal angle separates…
division of superior & Inferior Mediastinum
97
The Anterior portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (3)
1) Thymus
2) Areolar tissue
3) Lymph Nodes
98
The Superior Mediastinum contains: (5)
1) Thymus
2) Esophagus
3) Thoracic Duct
4) Vagus Nerve
5) Phrenic Nerve
99
The Posterior portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (4)
1) Azygous & Hemizygous Veins
2) Esophagus
3) Thoracic Duct
4) Vagus nerve
100
The Middle Portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (3)
1) Heart & Ascending Aorta
2) Pulmonary Artery & Veins
3) Arch of Azygous
4) Phrenic Nevre
101
The coronary sinus opens into
The R. Atrium
102
The Coronary Sinus recieves blood from…
1) Great Cardiac Vein
2) Middle Cardiac Vein
3) Small Cadiac Vein
103
The Great cardiac vein ascends into the
anterior interventricular groove
104
The middle cardiac vein ascends into the
posterior interventricular groove
105
The small cardiac vein runs along the
coronary groove with the marginal artery
106
What is the Sinus Venarum?
smooth space between openings of IVC & SVC
107
Where is the Crista terminalis located?
R. Atrium
108
What is the Fossa Ovalis?
Remnant of the foramen ovale / Depression on internal septum
109
Where is the AV node located?
Interatrial septum
110
What are the AV valves made of?
Endocardium
111
Where is the Moderator band located?
R. Ventricle
112
What is the Conus Arteriosis?
prolongation of R. venteicle where pulmonary arteries emerge
113
Branches of the Left Coronary artery
1) Muscular branch
2) Ant. Interventricular branch
3) Circumflex artery
114
Branches of the Right Coronary artery:
1) Muscular branch
2) Posterior interventricular
3) Marginal branch
115
What is the MC artery for Myocardial Infarction?
“Widow Maker”
Anterior Interventricular of Left Coronary
AKA (L. Anterior Descending Artery)
116
The L & R Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves wrap around…
Left: Aortic arch
Right: R. Subclavian Artery
117
The transversepyloric line lies
horizontal at L1 (divides epigastric & umbilical regions)
118
The Transtubercular line lies…
Horizontal at L5 (divides umbilical & hypogastric regions)
119
What artery supplies the lesser curve of the stomach?
L. Gastric Artery
120
What artery supplies the greater curve of the stomach?
L. & R. Gastroepiploic Artery
121
Gastrin does what to the Pyloric Valve?
opens it
122
Stenson’s Duct =
Parotid gland
123
Wharton’s Duct =
Submandibular
124
Bartholian’s Duct =
Sublingual
125
Wirsung’s Duct =
Main pancreatic
126
Santorini Duct =
Accessory ancreatic
127
The cystic duc come from the
gallbladder
128
The COmmon bile duct + Main Pancreatic Duct =
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Ampulla of vater)***
129
The following pancreatic cells secrete:
Alpha
Beta
Delta
A: Glucagon
B: Insulin
D: Somatostatin
130
What drains the Ampulla of Vater into the Duedenum?
Sphincter of Oddi
131
The pancreatis head contacts…
2nd segment of duodenum
132
the pancreatic body contacts…
L Kidney
133
The pancreatic tail contacts…
spleen
134
The pancreas is mainly supplied by
Splenic artery branches from the celiac trunk
135
Red pulp filters __________ & White pulp filters ________
RBC; WBC
136
What seperates the R & L Lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
137
The ligamentum Venosum is a remnant of…
ductus venosus in fetal circulation
138
The round ligament is a remnant of…
left umbilical vein
139
What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?
Triangular, falciform & coronary ligaments
140
The ligament venosum seperates…
L lode from Caudate lobe of liver
141
The round ligament seperates…
Quadrate lobe from Left lobe of liver
142
What lobe of the liver cannot be palpated?
Caudate Lobe
143
Venous blood flow INTO the liver:
Sup Mesenteric vein + Splenic vein -> portal vein -> Liver
144
Venous flow OUT of the liver pathway:
Central vein -> Hepatic Vein -> IVC
145
The gallbladder seperates what parts of the liver?
Quadrate lobe / R. Lobe
146
What connects the sm. intestine to the large?
Ileocecal valve
147
The appendix extends from the…
cecum
148
What forms the Haustra of the Large intestine?
3 longitudinal Taeniae Coli bands
149
What is the start of the large intestine?
Cecum
150
The blood supply to the foregut is supplied by:
Thoracic & Abdominal Aorta
151
The foregut and Midgut are innervated by
Vagus nerve
152
The hind gut is innervated by
S2-4 (pelvic splanchnics)
153
The blood supply to the midgut is supplied by:
Superior mesenteric artery
154
The blood supply to the hindgut is supplied by:
Inferior mesenteric artery
155
The bladder/Urethra’s blood supply is from the…
Internal iliac artery
156
The genitalia’s blood supply is from the…
Pudendal artery
157
What innervates the Bladder, urethra & Genitalia?
pudendal nerve
158
The Celiac trunk branches off of the
Abdominal aorta
159
What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
1) L. gastric
2) Plenic
3) Common hepatic
160
Th Azygous vein drains _________ and empties into __________.
R. abdomen; SVC
161
The Hemiazygous vein drains the ______________ and empties into _________.
L abdomen; crosses over at T8 to join Azygous -> SVC
162
External & Internal iliac veins drain into
Common Iliac
163
What veins give rise to the IVC?
R & L Common iliac veins
164
The common Iliac vein drains: (5)
1) Testis/Ovaries
2) Phrenic vein
3) Suprarenal vein
4) renal vein
5) hepatic vein
165
After birth, the ____________ becomes the Liver sinusoid.
Ductus Venosus
166
After birth, the ____________ becomes the Lungs between the L pulmonary artery & arch of aorta.
Ductus Arteriosis
167
After birth, the ____________ becomes the Lungs
Foramen ovale
168
What are the arteries of the Thyrocervical trunk?
[SIT]
Transverse cervical
Inferior Thyroid
Suprascapular
169
What is intersitial fluid?
plasma that is filtered by cappilaries
170
The Left (Thoracic) Lymphatic ducts begins at…
Cisterna Chyli (L2)
171
The thoracic duct empties into…
juction of the L. internal jugular vein & L. subclavian vein
172
The R. lymphatic duct drains what part of the body?
Upper R side of the body
173
The right lymphatic duct empties into the…
juction of R. internal jugular vein & R. subclavian vein
174
Urachus is a remnant of
median umbilical fold
175
What is Urachal fistula?
If urine come out of the Umbilicus
176
What is Mesonephros?
If urine come out of the Ejaculatory & urinary ducts
177
What is paramesonephros?
If urine come out of the Uterus & uterine tube
178
What is the name of the pouch between bladder & uterus?
Vesicouterine Pouch
179
AKA for the Rectouterine Pouch
Pouch of Douglas
180
What is the opening of cervical canal to the vagina called?
External Os
181
What is typically the site of fertilization?
Ampulla
182
What part of the fallopian tube opens to the uterus?
Interstitial segment
183
The ovarian Ligament travels from what to what?
ovary to uterus
184
The suspensory Ligament travels from what to what?
ovary to abdominal wall
185
The Round Ligament of the uterus travels from what to what?
uterus to labia majora
186
The broad Ligament travels from what to what?
uterus to abdominal wall
187
What are the portions of the round ligament of the uterus and what do they attach to?
Mesovarium: ovary
Mesosalpinx: fallopian tube
Mesoometrium: everything else
188
What are the 4 contents of the Broad ligament of the Uterus?
1) Fallopian Tubes
2) Round ligament of uterus
3) Ovarian ligament
4) Ureter
189
What are the contents of the Inguinal Canal?
Male: spermatic cord
Female: Round ligament of Uterus
Both: Ilioinguinal nerve
190
The superficial inguinal ring is an opening in the…
External oblique aponeurosis
191
The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the…
fascia transversalis
192
The cremasteric muscle is derived from __________ and innervated by __________.
internal oblique muscle; Genitofemoral nerve
193
Where is the epididymus located?
posterolateral aspect of testis
194
Function of the Cremaster muscle:
Raises Testis
195
Function of the Dartos muscle:
wrinkle the scrotum
196
What is the serous covering of the testes?
Tunica Vaginalis
197
What is responsible for erection?
Corpus Cavernosa
198
What structure contains the most blood during erection?
Corpus cavernosa
199
What are the 4 segments of the male urethra?
1) Preprostatic
2) Prostatic
3) Membranous
4) Spongy aka Penile Urethra
200
Most of your saliva is from
Submandibular gland (60-70%) other is parotid
201
Parietal cells secrete
HCL & Intrinsic Factor
202
Cheif (zymogenic) cells secrete
Pepsinogen
203
Epithelial cells of the small intwstine secrete:
CCK (CHolecystokinin)
204
How many cartilaginous rings are there from cricoid to bronchi?
16-20
205
What bronchi is shorter and wider?
Right.
206
Where is Estrogen secreted from?
Corpus Luteum
207
The renal pyramids are located in…
The Medulla
208
Contents of the Quadrangular space:
post. circumflex humeral artery & Axillary nerve
209
What are the 4 borders of the Quadrangular space?
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Medial: long head of triceps***
Lateral: Humerus
210
Contents of the triangular space: (axillary triangle)
Circumflex scapular artery
211
Boundaries of the Axillary triangular space:
Superior: Teres Minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Lateral: Long head of triceps***
212
What is the location of a direct inguinal hernia?
Hesselbach’s triangle
213
What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle?
Lateral: Inf. epigastric artery
Medial: Rectus abdominus
Inferior: Inguinal Ligament
214
What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle?
Superior: Inguinal Ligament
Medial: Adductor Longus
Lateral: Sartorius
215
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
1) Femoral nerve & Artery
2) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
3) Femoral canal
216
Exocrine glands have
ducts
217
ndocrine glands do not have
ducts
