Part 1: Spinal Anatomy (Brain, Tracts, CN’s & Eye) Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Endoderm Derivatives
A
- Organs
- Gut
- Respiratory tract
- Tubular structures
2
Q
Mesoderm Derivatives (paraxial)
A
Muscles, tendons & ligaments
Smooth muscle of organs
3
Q
Mesoderm Derivatives (intermediate)
A
Urogenital & Kidneys
4
Q
Mesoderm derivatives (head)
A
Skull muscles & dentine of teeth
5
Q
Mesoderm derivatives (lateral plate)
A
- Adrenal cortex
- connective tissue
- cardiovascular
- lymph
6
Q
Surface ectoderm derivatives
A
- epidermis
- ant. Pituitary
- eye lens
- skin
- enamel, hair & nails
7
Q
The neural tube and crest form from the
A
Ectoderm
8
Q
Neural tube derivatives
A
- post. Pituitary
- eye retina
- CNS
- oligodendrocytes
9
Q
The neural crest forms: (6)
A
1) Sympathetic chain ganglion
2) DRG
3) ANS & PNS
4) Schwann cells
5) Parafollicular cells of thyroid
6) Adrenal medulla
10
Q
Embyological order:
A
Notochord -> Neural plate -> Neural groove -> neural tube -> neural crest cells
11
Q
Vitamins that prevent Spina Bifida
A
- B9 / Floic acid
- methyl folate / tetrahydrofolate
12
Q
Stages of spinal Bifida & what they mean:
A
Meningocele: meninges protrude
Myelocele: spina cord protrudes
Meningomyelocele: spinal cord & meninges protrude
13
Q
Arnold Chiari syndrome Type II is…
A
Type 1 + meningomyelocele in lumbar spine
14
Q
What bones fail to fuse in a cleft palate?
A
MAXILLARY & PALANTINE
15
Q
The notochord persists as the
A
Nucleus pulposus
16
Q
The scleretome of the mesoderm +
A
Membranous skeletal column
17
Q
Splanchinic Myotome of the mesoderm +
A
Visceral smooth muscle
18
Q
The epimere of the mesoderm +
A
Dorsal / posterior / extensor muscles
19
Q
The hypomere of the mesoderm =
A
Ventral / anterior / flexor muscles
20
Q
The gubernaculum in males becomes
A
Scrotal ligament
21
Q
The gubernaculum in females becomes
A
- Suspensory ligament of ovary
- ovarian ligament
- round ligament
22
Q
The procephalon splits into
A
Telencephalon & Diencephalon
23
Q
The rhombencephalon splits into
A
Metencephalon & Myelencephalon
24
Q
The Telencephalon derivatives
A
Cortices & basal ganglia
25
CN # for Telencephalon
1
26
Ventricle for Telencephalon
Lateral ventricle
27
Diencephalon derivatives
Thalamus & Pineal gland
28
CN # for Diencephalon
2
29
Ventricle for Diencephalon
3rd ventricle
30
Derivatives of Mesencephalon
Midbrain
31
CN # of Mesencephalon
3 & 4
32
Ventricle for Mesencephalon
Aqueduct of Sylvius
33
Derivative of Metencephalon
Pons & Cerebellum
34
CN # for Metencephalon
5-8
35
Ventricle for Metencephalon
4th ventricle
36
Derivatives of the Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
37
CN # for Myelencephalon
9-12
38
Ventricle for Myelencephalon
4th ventricle
39
________ is the only sensation that bypasses the thalamus
Smell
40
Muscle vs. Neuron resting membrane potential:
Muscle: -85 through -90mV
Nerve: -65 through -70mV
41
At resting membrane potential the cell is more ___________ inside the cell and more ________ outside the cell
Negative; positive
42
Pacinion corpuscles detect
Vibration
43
Ruffini receptors detect
Joint position sense
44
Meissners/Merkels receptors detect
Accurate touch
45
Spinothalamic tracts free naked endings detect
Pain, temperature and crude touch
46
When does the Absolute Refractory Period occur during an action potential?
When potassium leaks out of cell during repolarization when signal is back to resting membrane potential
47
When is the relative refractory period during an action potential?
During repolarization when sodium leaks out and the membrane voltage is more negative than the resting membrane potential
48
How many sodium flow out and how many potassium flow in?
3 Sodium out / 2 Potassium in
49
What part of the brain controls respiratory and cardiac centers, CN 5-12 & reticular formation?
Medulla & pons
50
What part of the brain controls reflexes to light and sound, proximal flexor relay & CN 3-4?
Midbrain
51
What part of the brain controls relay station & sensory fibers?
Thalamus
52
The ventral posteromedial thalamus controls sensory information from the
Face
53
The ventral posteromedial thalamus controls sensory information from the
Arms & legs
54
The lateral geniculate thalamus controls sensory information from the
Eyes
55
The medial geniculate thalamus controls sensory information from the
Ears
56
Role of the Parietal lobe:
Localization, Brodman 1,2,3 & problem solving
57
Role of the Occipital lobe:
Vision, Brodman area 17
58
Role of the superior temporal lobe:
Hearing
59
Role of the inferior temporal lobe:
Long term memory, smell
60
Damage to the hippocampus leads to
Anterograde amnesia
61
Memory is associated with what cells
Hippocampus cells
62
Smell is associated with what cells
Parahioopcampal cells in the Uncal area
63
Where is Wernicke’s area?
Junction of parietal, occipital & temporal lobes
64
Role of Wernicke’s area:
Sensory matching
Can read & see but can’t understand
65
Damage to Wernicke’s area is caused by
B1/Thiamine deficiency d/t alcoholism (Wernicke’s Korsakoff syndrome)
66
Contents & role of the frontal lobe:
Voluntary motor, precentral gyrus, Brodman 4,4S,6, corticospinal tracts
67
Pyramidal tracts start as
Giant cells of Betz
68
Where is Broca’s speech area located?
Interior frontal lobe on the left
69
What artery supplies Broca’s area?
Middle cerebral artery
70
What structure inhibits the thalamus?
Basal ganglia (stops motor response)
71
Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is associated with
Parkinson’s
72
AKA for Parkinson’s
Paralysis agitans
73
What cells are found in Parkinson’s disease?
Inclusion / Lewy Bodies from decreases dopamine in the substantial nigra
74
The Caudate Basal ganglia secretes
GABA
75
What is the genetic defect in the caudate basal ganglia called?
Huntingtons Chorhea
76
Basal ganglia Striatum consists of:
Putamen & caudate
77
Basal Ganglia Lentiform consists of:
Globes Pallidus & Putamen
78
Hypothalamus is responsible for:
- hunger & thirst
- temp regulation
- sex
- rage & fear
79
Role of the cerebellum:
- balance/equillibrium
- involuntary coordination
- unconscious propriception
80
What forms the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes & tight capillary beds
81
What structure stores glucose in the brain
Blood brain barrier
82
What are microglia?
Macrophages of CNS
83
What are ependymal cells
Line ventricles and CSF
84
CSF is made in the
Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles
85
CSF is reabsorbed by
Arachnoid granulations of the superior Sagittal sinus
86
What are Oligodendrocytes?
Myelin of the CNS
87
Demyelination of the CNS is called
MS
88
What are Schwann cells?
Myelin of the PNS (from neural crest)
89
What causes demyelination of the PNS?
Guillian-Barre Syndrome (ascending paralysis)
90
When does Guillian Barre syndrome occur?
Post infection or post vaccination
91
What causes Hirschprung’s disease?
Absense of meissner’s & auerbachs plexuses
92
What is Hirschprung’s disease?
No peristalsis -> congenital megacolon
93
What cells inhibit the alpha motor neuron?
Renshaw cells (negative feedback)
94
Brain Waves (what they are): Alpha
Quiet, meditative
95
Brain Waves (what they are): Beta
Intense mental activity
96
Brain Waves (what they are): Delta
Deep sleep or coma
97
Brain Waves (what they are): Theta
Normal in children, stress/suicidal in adults
98
What do the association fibers of the cerebrum do:
Connect same hemisphere from frontal to temporal
99
What do commissural fibers of the cerebrum do?
Connect L & R brain
100
What do projection fibers of the cerebrum do?
Connect up & down in both directions passing through the internal capsule
101
Central chemo receptors are found in
Carotid and aortic bodies of the Brain stem
102
Central chemo receptors are most sensitive to:
Increased pCO2 THEN Decreased O2
103
Peripheral chemo receptors are most sensitive to
Decreased O2 THEN Increased pCO2
104
If increased pCO2 or decreased O2 is detected by central chemo receptors…
Cerebral blood vessels dilate
105
Vertebral arteries feed into
The circle of Willis
106
Where do vertebral arteries enter the spine?
C6 transverse foramen
107
Where do vertebral arteries enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
108
Damage to PICA =
Wallenberg Syndrome
109
What is Wallenberg syndrome?
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature to face, Contralateral to body
110
STUDY CIRCLE OF WILLIS DIAGRAM PAGE 4 SPINAL ANATOMY
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111
What is the 1st branch of the internal carotid artery?
Ophthalmic artery to the eye
112
What is the MC artery involved in stroke?
Middle cerebral
113
The straight sinus is located in what structure
Tentorium Cerebelli
114
The great cerebral vein drains into
Straight sinus
115
Superior cerebral vein drains into
Superior agitate sinus
116
In what structure is the superior Sagittal sinus located in?
Flax cerebra
117
What does the superior Sagittal sinus contain?
Arachnoid granulations for reabsorbing CSF
118
What are the anterior and posterior attachments of the falx cerebri?
Anterior: Christ galli of ethmoid
Posterior: Tentorium cerebelli
119
Where is the confluence of sinuses and what is it called?
Torculus Herophilus; inner portion of occipital bone
120
Damage to the brain sinuses =
Subdural hematoma
121
Flow of CSF (6 steps)
Monroe Foramen -> 3rd Ventricle -> Aqueduct of Sylvius -> 4th Ventricle -> Magendie Foramen (midline) & Lushka Foramen (lateral), central canal & subarachnoid space -> reabsorbed in superior saggital sinus
122
Damage to middle meningeal artery =
Epidural hemorrhage
123
Damage to brain venous system =
Subdural hemorrhage
124
Damage to circle of Willis =
“Geri Aneurysm” AKA Subarachnoid hemorrhage
125
What are the motor (descending) tracts? (5)
1) Rubrospinal
2) Reticulospinal
3) Tectospinal
4) Vestibulospinal
5) corticospinal/pyramidal (lateral & ventral)
126
What is the role of the Rubrospinal tract?
Proximal muscle flexors or upper & lower extremity
127
What is the role of the reticulospinal tract?
Extensor muscles of back and arms
128
What is the role of the tectospinal tract?
Neck muscles
129
What structure controls reflex to light?
Superior colliculus
130
What structure controls reflex to sound?
Inferior colliculus
131
What is the role of the Vestibulospinal tract?
Extensor muscle of back & legs
132
What is the Vestibulospinal tract to the eyes called
Medial longitudinal Fasciculus
133
What is the role of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Flexors of distal extremities
134
What is the role of the ventral corticospinal tract?
Flexors of the trunk
135
Where does the corticospinal tract start?
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (Giant Cells of Betz)
136
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?
Medulla at medullary pyramids
137
Where does the ventral corticospinal tract decussate?
At the spinal level
138
What is the role of the Substantia Gelatinosa?
Blocks pain through tract of Lissauer & spinothalamic tract
139
What are the Reced Lamina of the spinal cord? (II, VII, IX, X)
II: Substantial Gelatinosa
VII: Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke
IX: Anterior horn / alpha motor
X: Gray Commissure / Central canal
140
Where does the spinothalamic tract cross?
At spinal level
141
What is the role of the Lateral spinothalamic tract?
Pain & temperature
142
What is the role of the Ventral spinothalamic tract?
Crude touch & pressure
143
What are the receptors of the spinothalamic tract and what fiber type are they?
Free naked nerve endings; unmyelinated C fibers
144
Damage to the lateral spinothalamic tract =
Syringomyelia (dilation of central canal)
145
What is the role of the Dorsal Columns medial Lemniscus?
Conscious proprioception, vibration, position sense, 2 point discrimination
146
2 point discrimination come from _________ in the legs and _______ in the arms
Gracilis; Cuneatus
147
What is the role of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum?
Balance of spine
148
What is the role of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?
Balance from arms & Legs
149
What is the role of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum?
How the cerebellum talks to the cortex
150
The Fastigial cerebellar nuclei is responsible for:
Spine
151
The globus cerebellar nuclei is responsible for:
Proximal joints (GH & Hip)
152
The Emboliform cerebellar nuclei is responsible for:
Middle joint (elbow)
153
Globus + Emboliform cerebellar nuclei =
Interpose nuclei
154
The dentate cerebellar nuclei is responsible for:
Distal joints (digits)
155
What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
156
What connects the pons to the cerebellum?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
157
What connects the medulla to the cerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
158
Information traveling from the cerebellum to the cortex travels via the
Superior cerebellar peduncle
159
Information from the cortex to the cerebellum travels via the
Middle cerebellar peduncle
160
Information from the Body travels to the cerebellum via the
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
161
The posterior portion of the rectus contains the
Superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina = the 4 colliculi)
162
The tegmentum portion of the midbrain houses:
CN 3&4 and cerebral aqueduct
163
The cerebral peduncle portion of the midbrain houses:
- Corticospinal tracts
- red nucleas
- substantial nigra
164
What CN’s originate from the frontal lobe?
I (Olfactory)
165
What CN’s originate from the Thalamus?
II (Optic)
166
What CN’s originate from the Midbrain?
III: Oculomotor
IV: Trochlear
167
What CN’s originate from the Pons?
5-8
168
What CN’s originate from the Medulla?
9-12
169
What structure does the Olfactory nerve travel through?
Cribiform plate
170
What foramen does the Optic nerve travel through?
Optic foramen of the sphenoid
171
What CN’s travel through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone?
IV, V(1), VI
172
What CN travels through the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid?
V(2)
173
What CN travels through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid?
V(3)
174
What CN’s travels through the Internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone?
VII & VIII
175
What CN pierces the parotid gland?
Facial
176
What CN’s travel through the Jugular foramen of the Temporal/occipital bones?
IX, X, XI
177
What CN’s travel through the Hypoglossal foramen of the occipital bone?
XII
178
Actions of the Optic CN
Vision & Pupillary Light reflex
179
Actions of the Oculomotor CN (3)
1) All eye muscles (except SO & RL)
2) Pupillary constriction
3) Efferent Pupillary Light Reflex
180
Actions of the Trochlear CN
Superior Oblique Muscle
181
What cranial nerve innervates sensory to the tongue?
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal
182
What CN innervates the muscles of mastication and the Tensor Tympani?
CN 5 (Trigeminal)
183
Actions of the Abducens CN
Lateral Rectus
184
What CN is called the CHordae Tympani in the middle ear?
7 (Facial)
185
What CN Innervates the stapedius?
7 (Facial)
186
What CN is responsible for Lacrimation & Salivation?
7 (Facial)
187
What CN innervates the palate, pharynx & larynx?
10 (Vagus)
188
What CN Innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
12 (Hypoglossal)
189
Trigeminal CN AKA:
Gasserian Ganglion
190
What muscles close the jaw? (3)
Temporal is, Masseter & Internal/Medial Pterygoid
191
Origin & Insertion of the ____________ muscle: Temporalis
O: Temporal fossa
I: Coronoid of Mandible
192
Origin & Insertion of the ____________ muscle: Masseter
O: Zygomatic process
I: External angle of jaw
193
Origin & Insertion of the ____________ muscle: Internal/Medial Pterygoid
O: Medial Pterygoid process
I: Internal angle of jaw
194
Origin & Insertion of the ____________ muscle: External/Lateral Pterygoid
O: Lateral Pterygoid process
I: Disc of TMJ & Condyle of mandible
195
What are the parasympathetic CN’s + Sacral levels?
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
S2-4
196
CN3 turns into the _________ nerve
Edinger-Westphal
197
CN7 turns into the _________ nerve
Superior Salvitory
198
CN9 turns into the _________
Inf. Salivatory nucleus -> otic ganglion -> parotid
199
CN10 turns into the _________ nerve
Vagal
200
Function of S2-4 parasympathetic nerves
[pelvic splanchnic]
Erection, bladder control, bowel control (distal 1/3 colon)
201
CN3 turns into the ____________ ganglion:
Ciliary
202
CN7 turns into the ____________ ganglion:
Sphenopalatine & sphenomandibular
203
CN9 turns into the ____________ ganglion:
Otic
204
Function of the ciliary ganglion
Pupillary constriction
205
Function of the Sphenopalatine ganglion
Crying/lacrimation
206
Function of the Sphenomandibular ganglion
Salivation
207
Function of the otic ganglion
Parotid glands
208
What receptors stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?
Adrenergic (Norepinephrine & Epi)
209
Alpha receptors are more sensitive to:
Norepinephrine
210
Beta receptors are more sensitive to:
Epinephrine
211
Function of Alpha 1 receptors: (2)
1) Vasoconstriction of central arteries
2) dilation of pupils
212
Function of Alpha 2 receptors:
Autoinhibitory to Alpha 1
213
Function of Beta 1 receptos: (2)
1) Increase heart rate
2) Increase contractibility
214
Function of Beta 2 receptors: (2)
1) shut down digestion
2) bronchodilation
215
ALL Parasympathetic receptors are
ACh receptors
216
What vertebral segments are included in the Superior sympathetic chain ganglion?
Above C4
217
What vertebral segments are included in the Middle sympathetic chain ganglion?
C4-C5
218
What vertebral segments are included in the Inferior sympathetic chain ganglion?
C6-C8
219
What vertebral segments are included in the Stellate ganglion?
C8-T1
220
What ganglion is the merger between the Inferior sympathetic chain ganglion and the T/S ganglion?
Stellate Ganglion
221
What disease results from disruption of the cervical chain ganglion?
Horner’s syndrome
222
3 clinical features of Horner’s syndrome:
1) Ptosis
2) Miosis
3) Anhydrosis
223
Steps of the Catecholamine pathway: (6)
Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine -> L-Dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine
224
The anterior chamber of the eye consists of the __________ to the __________
Cornea to Iris
225
The postrior chamber of the eye consists of the __________ to the __________
Iris to Lens
226
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are filled with
Aqueous Humor
227
Where is Aqueous humor of the eye made?
Made by ciliary epithelium in ciliary bodies
228
Excess aqueous humor in the eye =
Glaucoma
229
Features of Glaucoma: (2)
1) increased intraocular pressure
2) cupping of disc
230
The Posterior CAVITY consists of the ________ to the _________
Lens to Retina
231
The posterior cavity of the eye is filled with:
Vitreous Humor (jelly-like, maintains its shape)
232
Embryology of the Retina & Iris:
Optic Stalk gives rise to the Optic Cup
233
Function of the Fovea Centralis:
Most acute vision / Bright Lights & Colors d/t CONES
234
Function of the Rods in the eye
Peripheral vision, dim light, night vision
235
Function of the Rhodopsin in the eye
Purple pigment
236
MC cause of blindness in elderly is:
Macular degeneration
237
Macular degeneration means:
Can’t see in the light
238
Glaucoma effects the ______ first
Rods
239
What is the 1st signs/symptoms of Glaucoma?
Rings around lights
240
What is the vitamin for rods in the eye, and if it’s deficient what does it produce?
Vitamin A; Nyctalopia (night blindness)
241
What is Keratomalacia?
Softening of cornea
242
The Optic nerve decussates at the
Optic chasm
243
The nasal tracts decussate at the
Optic chasm
244
AKA for tunnel vision
Bilateral Hemianopsia
245
What lobe of the brain and area of the brain are responsible for vision?
Occipital and Brodman area 17
246
What is responsible for the reflex of eyes with neck movement?
Sup. Colliculi -> Lateral Geniculate/Thalamus
247
What is responsible for the reflex of ears with neck movement?
Inf. Colliculi -> Medial Geniculate/Thalamus
