Part 1: Spnal Anatomy (ENT, Spinal Structures, Landmarks) Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Hearing turns _______ waves into ________ waves
A
Mechanical; Fluid
2
Q
What does MISO Soup mean? (Ear)
A
M: Malleus
I: Incus
S: Stapes
O: Oval window
3
Q
What part of the ear contains fluid?
A
Oval window
4
Q
The Oval window of the ear contains fluid. ____________ is outside and ___________is inside
A
Perilymph (Na+ Outside)
Endolymph (K+ Inside)
5
Q
Gyrus of Heschl is responsible for and is located in:
A
Hearing; superior gyrus in the temporal lobe
6
Q
Anatomy of the Cochlea image:
A
7
Q
What is responsible for static equilibrium?
A
Macula/Saccula
8
Q
What part of the ear is responsible for linear acceleration?
A
Utricle
9
Q
What part of the ear is responsible for angular acceleration?
A
Semicircular canals
10
Q
What is responsible for dilation of the semicircular canals?
A
Crista Ampularis (contains crystals)
11
Q
Smell pathway steps: (4)
A
Cribiform Plate -> Olfactory bulb -> Olfactory radiations
-> Uncus
12
Q
The Uncus of parahippocampus is responsible for:
A
Sense of smell
13
Q
The Dentate of hippocampus is responsible for:
A
Memory & smell
14
Q
The fornix of the nose is responsible for:
A
Midline connection to the hippocampus
15
Q
The Amygdaloid of the nose is responsible for:
A
Emotional response to smell
16
Q
The Superior nasal meatus drains
A
The posterior ethmoid recess
17
Q
The inferior nasal meatus drains
A
The nasolacrimal ducts
18
Q
The Middle nasal meatus drains:
A
Frontal, sphenoid & Maxillary’s (Everything else)
19
Q
What does this Joint classification Mean? Synarthrosis
A
Immovable / Fibrous
20
Q
What does this Joint classification Mean? Amphiarthrosis
A
Slightly moveable / Cartilaginous
21
Q
What does this Joint classification Mean? Diarthrosis
A
Freely Moveable / Synovial
22
Q
Examples of Synostosis joints:
A
Sutures of skull
23
Q
Examples of Gomphosis joints:
A
Teeth
24
Q
Examples of Synchondrosis joints:
A
Epiphyseal plates, hyaline cartilage (temporary joints)
25
Examples of Symphysis joints:
IVD, Pubic symphysis, fibrocartilage
26
Examples of Syndesmosis joints:
Interosseous membranes (Tib/fib & radioulnar)
27
Examples of Hinge (ginglymus) joints:
Cubital/humeral ulnar joint
28
Examples of Pivot (Trochoid) joints:
Atlas/axia, proximal radioulnar joint
29
Examples of Ovoid (condlymus) joints:
Radiocarpal, MCP, TMJ, Knee (modified)
30
Examples of Saddle (sellar) joints:
1st metacarpal/trapezium, SC joint
31
Examples of Gliding (Plana) joints:
Facets, AC, intercarpal/tarsal’s
32
Examples of Ball & Socket (spheroidal) joints:
Coxafemoral, GH joint’s
33
SI joint are atypical and are considered:
Diarthrodial (bottom 1/3)
Fibrous (Top 1/3)
34
What is an example of the atypical Schindylesis joint?
Perpendicular articulation of ethmoid & vomer bones
35
What are the 3 anterior spinal ligaments?
ALL, PLL & IVD
36
What are the 3 middle spinal ligaments?
Ligamentum flavum, capsular ligament & intertransverse ligament
37
What are the 3 posterior spinal ligaments?
Interspinous, supraspinous & Ligamentum nuchae
38
The ALL from Occiput to atlas limits and in known as
Extension; anterior Atlanto-occipital ligament
39
Path of the Anterior longitudinal ligament:
Front of VB’s from sacrum -> C2
40
Location of the Posterior longitudinal ligament:
Back of VB’s
41
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament the thickest? Thinnest?
Wider in C Spine, Thinner in L Spine, Thinnest at L5
42
The tectoral membrane limits _______ and is located where?
Flexion; (PLL) from C2 to Occiput
43
The IVD gives what percent of the spine height?
25%
44
The IVD’s are made out of
Fibrocaritlage
45
The Ligamentum flavum travels from
Lamina to lamina
46
The posterior Atlantoaxial ligament is the…
Ligamentum flavum from C2 -> C1
47
The posterior atlantooccipital ligament is the…
Ligamentum flavum from C1 -> Occiput
48
The Ligamentum flavum has a high _______________ and limits _________
Elastic content; flexion
49
The capsular ligament travels from
AP to AP
50
The supraspinous ligament travels from
Spinous to spinous
51
The ligementum nuchae is the
Supraspinous ligaments from C7 to Occiput
52
Function of the Transverse Ligament:
Holds dens in fovea denalis of atlas
53
Location of the Cruciate Ligament:
Occiput to Body of C2 (cross shaped)
54
The Alar Ligament limits:
C2 Rotation
55
The Apical Dental ligament limits:
Flexion & Extension of C2
56
Location of the Apical Dental ligament
Apex of dens -> anterior aspect of foramen
57
Location of the Alar ligament:
Sides of the Dens to the Occipital condyles
58
What ligament is also known as the “Check ligament”?
Alar Ligament
59
The dentate ligaments connect
The pia to dura mater along spinal cord
60
Origin & Insertion of the Oblique Capitus Superior
O: TP of C1
I: Above nuchal line
61
Origin & Insertion of the Oblique Capitus Inferior
O: SP of C2
I: TP of C1
62
Origin & Insertion of the Rectus Capitus Posterior Major
O: SP of C2
I: Lateral Nuchal Line
63
Origin & Insertion of the Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor
O: Posterior C1 Tubercle
I: Below Nuchal Line
64
Action of the Oblique Capitus Superior
External and Lateral Head Rotation
65
Unique facts about the Oblique Capitus Superior (2)
1) Lateral part of triangle
2) does NOT attach to C2
66
Action of the Oblique Capitus Inferior
Rotation of C1 on C2
67
Unique facts about the Oblique Capitus Inferior (2)
1) Inferior part of triangle
2) Does NOT attach to Occiput
68
Action of the Rectus Capitus Posterior Major
External and Lateral Ratation of the head
69
Unique facts about the Rectus Capitus Posterior Major (2)
1) Medial part of triangle
2) Does NOT attach to C1
70
Action of the Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor
External and Lateral rotation of head
71
Unique facts about the Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor (2)
1) Not a part of the triangle
2) Does NOT attach to C2
72
Sacral Homologs to Vertebrae (Spinouses, Articular Pillars & TVP’s)
SP’s: Median Sacral Crest
AP’s: Medial of Intermediate sacral crest
TVP’s: Lateral sacral crest
73
How many IVD’s are in the spine?
23
74
What type of collagen is the Nucleous pulposis made of?
Type II Collagen
75
After what age are IVD’s avascular?
20
76
What muscles contribute to Contralateral rotation of the spine?
1) Rotatores (1-2 segments)
2) Multifidus (3-4 segments)
3) Semispinalis (3-6 segments)
77
The dural sac travels from
L2-S2
78
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
79
Path of the Filum Terminale:
From conus medularis to coccyx
80
CN that associates with the corresponding Brachial Arch: 1st mandibular
CN V
81
CN that associates with the corresponding Brachial Arch: 2nd Hyoid
CN VII
82
CN that associates with the corresponding Brachial Arch: 3rd Thymus
CNIX
83
CN that associates with the corresponding Brachial Arch: 4th-6th Thyroid & Cricoid
CN X
84
The brachial arch is derived from
The neural crest
85
What bones/cartilage are derived from the mandibular (1st) brachial arch? (3)
1) Mandible
2) Malleus
3) Incus
86
What bones/cartilage are derived from the Hyoid (2nd) brachial arch? (3)
1) Stapes
2) Styloid process
3) Cornu of hyoid
87
What bones/cartilage are derived from the Thymus (3rd) Brachial arch? (2)
1) Body of hyoid
2) Greater Cornu
88
What bones/cartilage are derived from the thyroid (4th-6th) brachial arch? (1)
Laryngeal Cartilage
89
What muscles are derived from the (1st) Mandibular Brachial Arch? (4)
1) Muscle of mastication (all)
2) tensor tympani
3) tensor veil palatini
4) ant. Belly of diagastric
90
What muscles are derived from the (2nd) Hyoid Brachial Arch? (4)
1) Facial expression muscles
2) Stylohyoid
3) Stapedius
4) Post. Belly of diagastric
91
What muscles are derived from the (3rd) Thymus Brachial Arch? (1)
Stylopharyngeus
92
What muscles are derived from the (4th-6th) Thyroid/Cricoid Brachial Arch? (3)
1) muscles. Of the Larynx
2) Cricothyroid
3) Levator Veli Palatine
93
What ribs are considered typical & atypical?
Typical: 3-9
Atypical: 1-2, 10-12
94
The 1st rib has a groove for what structures?
Subclavian artery & Vein
95
What rib does the anterior and middle scalene attach to?
1st rib
96
What rib does the posterior scalene attach to?
2nd Rib
97
What rib does the stratus anterior attach to?
2nd rib
98
What ribs have a full facet and demifacet?
T1 and T10
99
What ribs have a single full facet?
T11-12
100
Radiate ligaments of the ribs connect
Front of the rib head with body of vertebrae
101
Interarticular ligament of the ribs connect
Front of the rib with body of vertebrae
102
Costotransverse ligaments of the ribs connect
Rib to TVP’s
103
What shape is the spinal canal at the C, T & L spines?
C: triangular
T: oval/circle
L: Triangular
104
If someone has 6 Lumbar vertebrae it is called:
Lumbarization
105
The superior and inferior borders of the IVF consist of
Pedicle or “vertebral notch”
106
The anterior portion of the IVF consists of:
Disc & Body
C Spine includes uncinate
Thoracic includes rib heads
107
The posterior border of the IVF’s consists of
Articular facets (AP’s) (Z Joints)
108
What fusion is known as pathological?
Ankylosis
109
What fusion is known as surgical?
Arthrodesis
110
What fusion is known as congenital?
Coalition
111
Fascial coverings of a nerve: Endoneurium
Covers nerve fiber
112
Fascial coverings of a nerve: Perineurium
Covers a fascicle (most elastic)
113
Fascial coverings of a nerve: Epineurium
Covers a peripheral nerve
114
Fascial coverings of a nerve are made of
Fibroblasts
115
STUDY NERVE ROOTS AND CORRESPONDING NERVE
Page 12 of Spinal Anatomy
116
What muscle makes up the slope of the neck?
Trapezius
117
What muscle elevates the first four ribs during inspiration?
Serratus Posterior Superior
118
What muscle depresses the last four ribs during exhalation?
Serratus posterior inferior
119
Structural landmarks: C3
Hyoid Bones
120
Structural landmarks: C4
Cephalic thyroid cartilage
121
Structural landmarks: C6
Cricoid cartilage
122
Structural landmarks: T3
Spine of the scapula
123
Structural landmarks: T4
Sternal angle of Louis
