Part 1: Pathology (Lung, Renal, NS, Thyroid, GI, Cancer) Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
Example of Metastatic calcification
A
Hypervitaminosis D
2
Q
What is Dystrophic calcification?
A
Calcification into already abnormal/damaged tissue (scar tissue)
3
Q
Example of Caseous degeneration
A
Tuberculosis
4
Q
What type of calcification is seen in TB?
A
egg shell calcificatino
5
Q
Fatty degeneration of the liver is known as
A
nutmeg liver
6
Q
fatty degeneration of the heart is known as
A
Tabby cat heart
7
Q
What does liquefaction degeneration affect?
A
CNS or Skin
8
Q
Wallerian degeneration affects
A
peripheral nerves
degenerates until the next node of ranvier
9
Q
What is Karyorrhexis degeneration?
A
destructive fragmentation of the nucleus
10
Q
what is karyolysis degeneration?
A
nuclear rupture
11
Q
what is chromatolysis degeneration?
A
destruction of cell bodies
12
Q
Definition of Atrophy
A
decrease in size (MC in muscle)
13
Q
Definition of Hypertrophy
A
increase in size
14
Q
Definition of Hyperplasia
A
increase in the number of cells
15
Q
Definition of Metaplasia
A
changes from one cell type to another cell type
16
Q
Example of metaplasia (2)
A
1) PCCE changing into stratified squamous in smoker lungs
2) barrett’s esophagus
17
Q
Definition of Dysplasia
A
change in size, shape or function of a cell
18
Q
Definition of Anaplasia
A
Complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)
19
Q
What type of growth disturbance can be precancerous?
A
Dysplasia (change in cell shape, size or function)
20
Q
What is the MC cause of lung cancer
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
21
Q
Definition of Agenesis
A
failure of an organ to develop due to absense of PRIMORDIAL tissue
22
Q
Definition of Aplasia
A
defective development of an organ
23
Q
Definition of Hypoplasia
A
underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ
(organ smaller than normal)
24
Q
What is composed of Type I Collagen?
A
bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia
25
What is composed of Type II Collagen?
Disc (nucleus pulposis)
26
What is composed of Type III Collagen?
“reticular” spleen & lymph nodes
27
Type III Collagen does what?
Early wound healing and speeds repair
28
What cell secretes Type III collagen?
Myofibroblast
29
What is composed of Type IV Collagen?
Basement Membrane
30
What causes Silicosis?
silica from sand, rock or glass
31
What type of calcification is present in Silicosis?
egg shell calcification
32
What disease is common amoung Sandblasters?
Rocky Quarry Disease
33
Asbestos leads to
Mesothelioma (malignant tumor of lung)
34
What causes Siderosis?
Iron dust in the lung
35
What causes Byssinosis?
cotton dust in the lung “brown lung”
36
What is known as black lung disease?
Anthracosis
37
Who is susceptible to Anthracosis? what syndrome can they get?
Coal miners; Caplan’s syndrome (anthracosis + RA)
38
What is Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis?
Endemin fungus around mississippi or Ohio valleys
39
What is Coccidiomycosis?
endemic fungus in deserts of southwest
“San Joaquin Valley Fever”
40
What is Blastomycosis?
endemic fungus on Eastern seaboard
(from Florida to Nova Scotia)
41
Asthma sputum analysis will show…
Curshmann’s Spirals or Charcot Leyden crystals
42
What disease affects chloride channels?
Cystic fibrosis
43
AKA for cystic fibrosis
Salty baby syndrome (mom 1st tastes salt)
44
What part of the body does cystic fibrosis affect?
GI & Respiratory mucus linings & exocrine secretions
45
People with Cystic Fibrosis are susceptible to
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
46
What is Hemosiderosis?
Iron in lungs due to bleeding
47
What type of lung is seen in pulmonary fibrosis?
honeycomb lung
48
What disease is considered “Causeous necrosis in lung”?
Tuberculosis
49
These 3 characteristics can be seen in tuberculosis
1) Ghon lesion
2) granuloma
3) epitheloid histiocytes
50
What causes Pott’s disease?
when TB spreads to the spine
51
If a vertebrae collapses from TB it is called
Gibbus Deformity
52
What is Wegener’s granulomatosis?
vasculitis of the lung & kidney
53
Barrel chest is seen in
emphysema
54
Emphysema pt’s have a deficiency of
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
55
Characteristics of Emphysema
- loss of elasticity
- decreased forced expiratory volume
- decrease transpulmonary recoil
56
What is Azotemia?
Decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen
(increased nitrogen in blood)
57
aka for kideny stones
Nephrolithiasis
58
MC stone in kidney stones
calcium oxalate
59
What is seen in the urine with nephritic syndrome?
RBCs & small amounts of protein
60
Example of a disease that causes Nephritic syndrome
Acute glomerulonephritis
61
What is found in the urine with Nephrotic syndrome?
massive amounts of protein
62
Disease example of Nephrotic syndrome
Pre-Eclampsia
63
Triad of symptoms seen in pre eclampsia
Hypertension
Edema
Proteinuria
64
Symptoms of Eclampsia
Same as Pre Eclampsia + Coma & Convulsions
65
What is a Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma of adrenal medulla (benign)
66
What benign tumor of the adrenal medulla can ccause episodic hypertension?
Pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma
67
polycystic kidney has what type of appearance?
moth eaten
68
aka for Wilm’s tumor
Nephroblastoma
69
what is a Wilm’s tumor?
Malignant mixed kidney tumor MC in children
70
aka for Addisons disease
hypocortisolism
hypoadrenalism
71
clinical signs of Addisons disease
bronze discoloration and hyperpigmentation of the face & lips
72
Addisons results in _________ and the MC cause is a ___________.
decrease ACTH; pituitary tumor
73
What is Conn’s disease?
excess aldosetrone from benign adrenal tumor
74
What is cushings doesase?
hypercortisolism or hyperadrenalism
75
MC cause of cushings disease
glucocorticoids
76
clinical signs of cuchings disease
moon face
buffalo hump
purple straie
central obesity
77
What causes a goiter?
hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine
78
What is graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
79
Clinical signs of graves disease?
exophthalmoses (bulging eyes
heat intolerance
weight loss
rapid heart rate
hair loss
80
What is Hashimotos?
autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism
81
Hypothyroidism is the MC cause of
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
82
Myxedema is a form of and is caused by _________
hypothyroidism form decreased T4
83
Myexdema is known as what in infants?
Cretinism
84
clinical sign of Myexdema
cold intolerance
weight gain
loss of lateral eyebrow
85
What virus is implicated in cervical cancer?
HPV 16 or 18
86
What causes cryptochidism?
failure of testis to descend
87
MC site of endometriosis
ovary
88
Epispadias vs. Hypospadias
Epi: urethra opens on dorsal surface of penis
Hypo: urethra opens on ventral surface of penis
89
What is a Leiomyoma?
benigh tumor of smooth muscle
90
aka for leiomyoma
uterine fibroids
91
What is the MC cause of infertility?
PCOS
92
What is the MC cause of testicular cancer in ages 20-35?
seminoma
93
What type of cells are seen with a Seminoma?
Mesenchymal cells
94
5 signs of congenital syphilis:
1) Hutchinson’s teeth (notched upper incisors)
2) Rhagades (cracks @ edge of mouth)
3) Saddle nose deformity (flat nose bridge)
4) Sabre Blade Tibia
5) Interstitial Keratitis (vision changes)
95
What is an Adie’s pupil?
tonic pupil dilation due to CN3 injury of Edinger Westphal Nucleus
96
What is Miosis?
Tonic pupil constriction due to sympathetic cervial ganglia
97
What is a. Chancroid?
soft painful chancroid aused by “Haemophilus Ducreyi”
98
Gonorrhea produces arthirtis MC in the
Knee
99
Lymphogranuloma venereum is cause by
Clamydia
100
How do you diagnose Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
Frei Test
101
What is Trichimonas?
purulent green, frothy, fishy vaginal discharge (viral)
102
what is achalasia
sphincters remain closed due to absense of myenteric plexus causing megaesophagus
103
What is Barretts esophagus
metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells causing GERD
104
What is Budd Chiari?
occusion of hepatic veins
105
What is the symptom triad of Budd Chiari?
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
106
#1 cause of gallstones
cholecystitis (inflammation of gallbladder
107
Signs of Crohns disease
- R. sided problem
- skip lesions
- NO BLOODY diarrhea
108
aka for Crohns disease
distal/terminal/regional enteritis
109
MC cause of death in children world wide
Enteritis
110
MC cause of flank red blood in stool
hemorroids
111
What is Hirchsprung’s?
Congenital megacolon & absense of myenteric plexus
112
What is Intussusception?
Telescoping of intestine onto itself
113
What can cause Intussusception?
rotovirus vaccine
114
What are the characteristics of Mallory Weiss syndrome?
laceration of esophagus & proximal stomach
115
What is Mallory Weiss syndrome?
Hematomesis due to alcoholism
116
What is plummer vinson syndrome?
iron deficiency anemia & esophageal webbing
117
What is a sliding hiatal hernia caused by
anatomically short esophagus
118
What is Steatosis?
fat in stool (Gallbladder problem)
119
aka for Ulcerative colitis
toxic megacolon
120
clinical signs of ulcerative colitis
- Ulcers
- bloody diarrhea
- left side of abdomen
- lead pipe rigidity
121
what is Volvulus?
twisting of an organ around its long axis
122
What is Zenker’s diverticulum
outpouching of the pharynx
123
Diabetes Insipidous has decreased __________ due to _____________.
ADH; posterior pituitary problem
124
What is Hemochromatosis?
“bronze diabetes” increased iron in the organs & skin
125
What is Kwashiorkor?
Protein malnutirtion (enough to eat but not the right things)
126
What is Marasmus?
Calorie malnutrition (not enough to eat)
127
What is Wilson’s metabolic disorder?
inborn error of copper metabolism
128
Clinical signs of Wilson’s metabolic disorder:
Kayser Fleisher rings (copper deposits in eyes)
129
What causes ALS? (Lou Gehrigs)
damage to anterior horn & corticospinal tracts with NO SENSORY LOSS
LMN in upper extremity & UMN in lower extermity
130
What is Alzheimer’s disease
progressive atrophy of cerebral cortex
#1 cause of dementia
131
In Alzheimers there is a decrease of
Acetylcholine
132
The MC metastasis from the lungs is to the
brain
133
What is the MC brain tumor
Astrocytoma
134
What brain tumor has the worst diagnosis
Glioblastoma Multiform
135
Medulloblastoma’s are MCly seen in _______________ and are the MC _____________ tumor.
children; cerebellum
136
What is the slowest growing brain tumor?
Oligodendroglioma
137
What is the MC cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss?
Schwannoma
138
AKAs for Schwanoma
acoustic neuroma
onion bulb tumor
139
A schwannoma affects what CN?
7
140
What is Friedrich’s ataxia?
lesion of sclerosis of spinocerebellar tract (Chromosome 9)
141
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Interruption of cervical sympathetics from trauma or pancoast tumor
142
Signs & Symptoms of Horners Syndrome
Ptosis, Miosis, Anhydrosis, Enophthalmosis
143
What is leprosy?
Skin damage & destruction of sensory nerves
144
akas for leprosy
Hansen’s disease
liquefactive necrosis
145
What triad of symptoms is seen with Multiple sclerosis?
Charcot’s:
- Scanning speech
- intention tremor
- nystagmus
146
What is multiple sclerosis?
central demyelination and plaquing o fthe spinal cord or brain
147
What is Myasthenia gravis?
Autoimmune disease where formation of antibodies that block AcH receptors at the myoneural junction
148
Myasthenia Gravis produces what symptoms?
1) progressive weakness/fatigue
2) worse @ end of day
3) Tight & Sore jaw
4)Starts in the ocular muscles
149
aka for Neurofibromatosis
Von Recklinhausen’s disease
150
What sign is associated with neurofibromatosis?
Cafe au Lait spots
151
What is Parkinsons disease?
Issue with Dopamine in the basal ganglia
152
aka for Posterolateral sclerosis
combined systems disease
153
PLS results from
prolonged pernicious anemia
154
What nervous system structures area affected in PLS?
Dorsal columns and corticospinal tracts
155
A syringomyelia at C6 would cause
loss of pain and temp at the C6 level
156
What is Wernicke Koracoff syndrome?
alcoholic psycosis with dementia
157
What causes Wernicke Korsokoss syndrome?
depletion of thiamine (B1) from alcoholism
158
Definition of Adenoma
Tumor of glandular tissue
159
Defintion of Argentaffinoma
Carcinoid tumor of the neuroendocrine system (specifically intestines)
160
Characteristics of benign tumors (3)
1) Encapulated (geographic)
2) Short zone of transition
3) usually asymptomatic
161
What is a Brown’s tumor?
radiolucency due to loss of calcium density from hyperparathyroidism
162
aka for Burkett’s lymphoma
Epstein Barr Virus
163
Characteristics of Burrkets lymphoma
- Starry sky appearance
- jaw mass
- central african children
164
What does Carcinoma in situ mean?
cancer that hasnt spread to the basement membrane
165
MC form of colon cancer in the US
Adenocarcinoma
166
MC breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
167
aka’s for Histiocytosis X
Hans-Schuller-Christian disease
Histolytic granuloma
Eosinophilic granuloma
168
What happens with a Histiocytosis X?
lipid accumulates -> vertebrae plana
increased IgE reaction -> langerhans cells
169
Characteristics of Hodgkins Lymphoma
1) Reed Sternberg cells
2) hepatosplenomegaly
3) enlarged lymph nodes
4) Increased IgE
170
What is Krukenberg’s cancer?
cancer of stomach that metastasizes to ovaries
171
What is Leukoplakia?
white patch in mouth from tobacco (cant be scrapped off)
172
MC lung cancer is from
metastasis
173
MC lung cancer for non smokers
Adenocarcinoma
174
What lung cancer has the worst prognosis?
Oat cel, small cell
175
MC lung cancer in smokers
Squamous cell cancer
176
Where is a Mortons neuroma located
between 3rd & 4th metatarsals
177
MC benign cardiac tumor
Myxoma
178
What cancer has the worst prognosis?
pancreatic
179
Papilloma’s are associated with
warts
180
What is Rhabdomyoma?
tumor of striated muscle or heart muscles
181
What does Sarcoma mean?
cancer of connective tissue,, spread through blood
182
What is a Teratoma?
tumor of all 3 germinal layers
183
What are Virchow’s nodes?
enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes
(MC on left side)
184
What usually causes Virchows nodes?
Mets from GI tract
185
Anoxia vs. Hypoxia what do they mean?
Anoxia: absense of O2
Hypoxia: O2 deficiency
186
What is Septicemia (Bacterimia)?
pathogens or toxins in the blood
187
What is Chemotaxis?
movement of WBCs along concentration gradient
188
What is Diapedesis (Leukocyte extravasation)?
neutrophils & monocytes squeezing through blood vessel walls toward damaged tissue
189
What is Pavemanting/Margination?
Adhesion of Leukocytes to endothelium of blood vessels
190
What causes a clot?
Fibrinogen -> fibrin via thromboplastin
which requires vit K & Calcium
191
What is an Embolus?
Fatty emboli from a fracture in long bones
192
What does Exudate mean?
Fluid and high protein in a damaged capillary wall
193
What are the 5 stages of inflammation?
1) Injury
2) Vasoconstriction
3) Vasodilation
4) Swelling/Edema
5) Healing by mast cells making heparin & serotonin
194
What is responsible for forming a scar?
Fibrin
