Part 1: Physiology (Digestion, Muscle, Hormones & Glands) Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Production of Melatonin (steps)
A
Tryptophan -> Serotonin -> Melatonin
2
Q
What is the extension of the hypothalamus forming the post pituitary called?
A
Neuropophysis
3
Q
Embryology of the anterior pituitary
A
Rathke’s pouch / ectoderm
4
Q
How does the anterior pituitary connect to the hypothalamus?
A
Hypophyseal portal system (through blood)
5
Q
The ant. And post. Pituitary glands are located in the
A
Sella turica
6
Q
The anterior pituitary involves what hormones? (7)
A
1) ACTH: adrenocorticotropin hormone
2) FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
3) GH: growth hormone
4) LH: luteinizing hormone
5) MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone
6) Prolactin
7) TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
7
Q
Embryology of the posterior pituitary
A
Diencephalon / derived from neuroectoderm
8
Q
How does the posterior pituitary connect to the hypothalamus?
A
Infundibulum (neural stalk)
9
Q
What hormones are involved with the posterior pituitary? (2)
A
1) ADH/vasopressin
2) Oxytocin
10
Q
ADH deficiency =
A
Diabetes Insipidus
11
Q
Too much ADH =
A
Conn’s Syndrome
12
Q
What is the role of oxytocin?
A
Uterus contraction & milk let down
13
Q
Target Organ of ACTH
A
Adrenal Cortex; Zona Fasciculata
14
Q
Target Organ of FSH
A
Ovary & Testes
15
Q
Target Organ of Growth hormone
A
All tissue except cartilage
16
Q
Target Organ of Luteinizing hormone
A
Ovary & Testes
17
Q
Target Organ of Melanocyte Stimulating hormone
A
Melanocytes
18
Q
Target Organ of Prolactin
A
Mammaries
19
Q
Target Organ of TSH
A
Thyroid follicular cells
20
Q
Effects of ACTH
A
1) Gluconeogenesis when stressed/fasting
2) Shuts down immune system
21
Q
Effects of FSH
A
Females: releases follicle & estrogen
Males: stimulates spermotogenesis
22
Q
FSH must be
A
Inhibited by inhibin
23
Q
Inhibin is made in… male vs female
A
Female: Corpus Leuteum
Male: Sertoli cells
24
Q
Effects of Growth hormone
A
1) Burns FAT (not carbs)
2) Somatostatin release triggered by hypothalamus
25
____________ from the liver mediates growth hormone for cartilage
Somatomedin
26
Effects of Luteinizing hormone male vs female
Female: Ovulation & forms corpus leuteum to make progesterone
Male: Testosterone in Leydig cells
27
Effects of Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Produce melanin in basement layer of epidermis
28
Effects of Prolactin
Makes milk
29
Prolactin must be actively inhibited by
Dopamine
30
Effects of TSH
Maintains Basal metabolic Rate
31
Is T3 or T4 more powerful?
T3, faster acting but less abundant
32
When levels are too high: ACTH
Cushing’s
33
Characteristics of Cushing’s disease
1) moon face
2) buffalo humo
3) pendulous abdomen
4) purple straie
34
When levels are too high: FSH
Multiple OOcytes
35
When levels are too high: Growth hormone
Before growth centers close: Gigantism
After growth centers close: Acromegaly
36
When levels are too high: Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Hyper-pigmentation
37
When levels are too high: Prolactin
Too much milk
38
When levels are too high: TSH
Hyperthyroidism MC Grave’s
39
Characteristics of Grave’s disease
1) Thin bulging eyes
2) Exophthalmoses
3) heat intolerance
40
Deficiency of ACTH
Addison’s
41
Characteristics of Addison’s disease
1) low BP
2) Hyper-pigmented face & mouth
42
Deficiency of FSH
Infertility
43
Deficiency of Growth hormone
Dwarfism
44
Deficiency of Luteinizing hormone
Degenerates corpus leuteum
45
Deficiency of MSH
Albinism
46
Deficiency of Prolactin
Too little milk
47
Deficiency of TSH
Myxedema = Hypothyroidism MC Hashimotos
48
What type of hypothyroidism is seen in children?
Cretinism
49
Calcium controls ______ _______ keeping them _________.
Sodium gates; closed
50
If low calcium… nerves ___________ producing _________.
Depolarize; tetany
51
The hearts sodium channels are _______- which prevents tetany by creating ___________
Slow; plateaus (long absolute refractory period
52
What 2 hormones are mainly concerned with keeping a calcium balance?
Calcitonin & Parathyroid hormone
53
PTH is produced by
Parathyroid glands
54
Calcitonin is produced by
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
55
What is the effect of PTH?
1) Takes Calcium out of bone and into blood
2) Decreases blood Phosphorus
56
What is the effect of Calcitonin?
1) Pulls Calcium out of blood & puts it in bone
2) Increases blood Phosphorus
57
Excess PTH leads to… (6)
1) Hyperparathyroidism
2) Kidney stones
3) Osteopenia
4) Browns Tumor
5) jersey spine
6) Salt & pepper skull
58
Excess Calcitonin leads to…
Tetany
59
Example of Tetany:
Chvostek’s sign
60
The adrenal cortex is derived from
Mesoderm
61
The adrenal medulla is derived from
Neural crest cells
62
Zona Glomerulosa = _____________ = _____________ = _______________
Aldosterone; Mineral corticoid; Salt
63
Zona Fasciculata = _____________ = _____________ = _______________
Cortisol; Glucocorticoid; Sugar
64
Zona Reticularis = _____________ = _____________ = _______________
Sex hormones; Androgens; Sex
65
What cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Chromaffin Cells
66
Nor epinephrine and epinephrine break..
Glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar
67
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted from the adrenal
Medulla
68
Tumor of the Adrenal Medulla:
Pheochromocytoma (gray cell tumor)
69
Signs & symptoms of a gray cell tumor of the adrenal medulla
Episodic hypertension
70
Estrogen builds in what phase?
proliferative
71
What happens during the proliferative phase?
Builds endometrial lining
72
What hormone is involved in the secretory phase of the ovaries?
Progesterone
73
Progesterone is a part of the ___________ phase and does what?
Secretory; nourishes embryo
74
In the menstrual cycle, FSH does 2 major things:
1) picks primary follicle (haploid cell)
2) releases estrogen
75
In the menstrual cycle, Estrogen does 2 molar things:
1) Thickens endometrial lining/blood -> increases body temp
2) Peaks on the 14th day to release LH
76
In the menstrual cycle, LH does 2 major things
1) ovulation
2) forms corpus leuteum
77
In the menstrual cycle, the Corpus Leuteum does 2 major things:
1) makes progesterone
2) makes inhibin stopping FSH
78
2 potential fates of the Corpus Leuteum include:
1) Dies (corpus albicans)
2) makes progesterone in presence of HCG
79
HCG (human chorionicgonadotropin) is made by __________ and stimulates ___________ to make ____________.
Placenta; Corpus Leuteum; progesterone
80
Thick layer vs. Outside layer of OOcytes are called
Thick: corona granular
Outside: corona radiata
81
Spermatogenesis makes ___________ from _____________
Haploid cells; meiosis
82
What hormone starts spermatogenesis?
FSH
83
What hormone releases testosterone from Leydig cells?
LH
84
What hormone matures sperm:
Testosterone
85
Sperm is made in what structure?
Somniferous tubules
86
Sperm matures in what structure?
Epidydimis
87
Sperm is stored in the
Vas deferans
88
What shut off spermatogenesis?
Inhibin
89
What cells make inhibin in the male reproductive system?
Sertoli cells
90
What muscle raises the testes?
Cremaster
91
What fascia wrinkles the scrotum?
Dartos fascia
92
What is Cryptorchism?
Failure of testes to descend (precancerous)
93
In the mouth, what starts the breakdown of starch? Fat?
Starch: salivary amylase
Fat: Sublingual Lipase
94
Digestion of protein starts where?
Stomach
95
Gastric glands give rise to
Parietal cells & Chief cells
96
Chief (peptic) cells produce
Pepsinogen
97
Pepsinogen is converted by _____ into _______ for _________ digestion.
HCL; Pepsin; protein
98
Parietal (oxyntic) cells make (2) things:
1) HCL
2) Intrinsic factor
99
Intrinsic factor does what?
B12 absorption in the terminal ileum
100
Pyloric glands give rise to ______________ which produce ___________
Gastric cells; gastrin
101
Effect of gastrin
Increases gastric secretions, mucous and motility
102
What are Brunner’s glands and where are they located?
Mucous secreting glands in the duodenum (buffers chyme)
103
Secretin triggers what release from the pancreas?
1) Bicarbonate
2) water
104
Choleccystokinin produces…
Most of the pancreatic enzymes in response to polypeptides (proteins) in the stomach
105
Cholescystokinin cause production of: (3)
1) pancreatic amylase (starch)
2) pancreatic lipase (fat)
3) trypsinogen (protein)
106
Cholecystolinin closes __________ in response to ________
Pyloric sphincter; fats
107
Cholecystolinin _________ gastrin in the stomach
Inhibits
108
Cholecystolinin cause gallbladder to…
Release bile which increases surface area for fats to be acted on
109
Bile creates ______ that carry fat to lacteal glands for absorption
Micelles
110
Chylomicrons are the digested form of
Fats
111
Enterokinase converts ___________ to ____________ to help digest ________
Trypsinogen, trypsin, protein
112
Once trypsin is made what does it do?
Activates all other proteolytic enzymes including:
1) Chymotrypsinogen
2) proteolastase
3) carboxypolypeptidase
113
The crypts of Lieberkuhn release (2)
1) aminopolypeptidase & dipeptidase
114
Aminopolypeptidase & Dipeptidase breakdown
Poly and dipeptides into amino acids
115
What cells produce mucous?
Goblet cells
116
What does pancreatic amylase breakdown?
Poly and disaccharides
117
Pancreatic amylase is made in the
Small intestine
118
Lactase breaks down lactose into…
Glucose + Galactose
119
Sucrose breaks down sucrose into…
Glucose + fructose
120
Maltase breaks down maltose into…
Glucose + glucose
121
What is the mineral of B12?
Cobalt
122
Decreased intrinsic factor leads to (4)
1) pernicious anemia
2) macrocytic anemia
3) normochromic anemia
4) megaloblastic anemia
123
If decreased intrinsic factor is left untreated what disease can take over?
Posterolateral Sclerosis of the spinal cord (aka combined systems disease)
124
What can stop absorption of B12?
Fish tapeworm in the ileum
125
#1 cause of peristalsis =
Gut distention
126
Pancreatic enzymes are made in the ______________ and stored in the _____________
Small intestine; pancreas
127
Right and left lobes of the liver are separated by what ligament
Falciform
128
The round ligament is a remnant of
The umbilical vein
129
The triangular ligaments of the liver are
Superior/lateral
130
The __________ ligament of the liver attaches to the diaphragm
Coronary
131
Path from liver to the pancreas (6 steps)
R & L Hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct -> Cystic duct from Gallbladder joins -> Common bile duct -> Pancreatic Duct joins -> empties into 2nd part of duodenum at the major duodenal pilla
132
The pancreatic head contacts
2nd segment of descending duodenum
133
Uncinate process of the pancreas location:
Tongue-like projection inferior to the head
134
Pancreatic body contacts th
Stomach & L. Kidney
135
Pancreatic tail contacts
Spleen
136
What artery is the pancreas mainly supplied by?
Splenic artery
137
In the spleen what is red pulp and white pulp?
Red: RBC
White: WBC
138
What are the 4 possibilities for Edema?
1) Increased venous pressure = Increased hydrostatic pressure
2) Decreased protein in the blood = decreased oncotic/osmotic pressure
3) Myxedema = hypothyroidism/cretinism
4) Anaphylaxis = Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction = histamine release
139
Term for generalized edema
Anasarca
140
Nephrotic Syndrome: “_____________” = ____________ ______________ ______________
Pre-Eclampsia; Hypertension, Edema, Proteinuria
141
The portal vein =
Superior mesenteric vein & Splenic (lineal) vein
142
The portal vin empties into the
Liver
143
Hepatic vein drains into the
Inferior vena cava
144
3 hormones involve with increased eating & what they do
Neuropeptide Y: increases appetite
Ghrelin: promotes appetite
Adiponectin: helps insulin bring glucose into cells
145
Where do the following hormones come from?
1) Neuropeptide Y
2) Ghrelin
3) Adiponectin
1) hypothalamus
2) stomach
3) fat cells
146
The enterogastric reflex is an _______________ reflex
Inhibitory
147
Hormones involved in decreased eating & what they do:
1) Leptin: shuts off appetite in hypothalamus
2) Peptide YY: when eaten enough
3) Somatostatin: (several functions) (other slide)
4) Serotonin: Satiation
148
Where do the following hormones come from?
1) Leptin
2) Peptide YY
3) Somatostatin
4) Serotonin
1) fat cells
2) intestines
3) delta cells of pancreas
4) argentaffin cells from stomach
149
3 functions of somatostatin:
[shuts off digestion by]:
1) Inhibits insulin & glucagons
2) inhibits gastrin
3) inhibits Renin
150
Beta cells = __________ and the __________ blood sugar
Insulin; Lower
151
Alpha cells = __________ and they __________ blood sugar
Glucagon; raise
152
What is the functional unit of a muscle
Alpha motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates
153
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
Sarcomere
154
A Band characteristics (3)
1) Anisonotropic
2) Myosin (thick) & Actin (thin)
3) remains the same with contraction
155
Characteristics of I Band: (3)
1) Isotrophic
2) Actin (thin)
3) Shortens with contraction
156
Characteristics of H band: (2)
1) Myosin (thick)
2) disappears with with contraction
157
Endomysium =
Perimysium =
Epmysium =
Covering of a muscle fiber
Covering of a muscle fascicle
Covering of entire muscle
158
STUDY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
159
In smooth muscle contraction, actin attaches to
Dense bodies
160
In smooth muscle contraction, calcium binds with
Calmodulin
161
There is no ___________ in smooth muscle
Troponin
162
Smooth muscle relaxation uses…
Myosin hosphatase/calcium pump to break the contraction
163
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: Activation
1) faster
2) slower
164
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: Strength
1) weaker
2) stronger
165
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: energy required to sustain contraction
1) More
2) Less
166
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: calcium channels
1) less involved
2) more involved
167
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: sodium channels
1) more involved
2) less involved
168
(#1) Skeletal Muscle vs. (#2) Smooth Muscle: Relaxation
1) Acetylcholine-esterase
2) Myosin phosphotase & calcium pump
169
Slow Twitch fiber characteristics: (7)
1) endurance
2) red color due to myoglobin
3) aerobic glycolysis
4) more mitochondria
5) less glycolysis enzymes
6) postural muscles
7) fight gravity
170
Fast twitch fibers characteristics (7)
1) explosive power
2) white, lack of myoglobin
3) anaerobic glycolysis
4) less mitochondria
5) more glycolysis enzymes
6) Sport muscles; fatigable
7) Fight or Flee
171
1 degree muscle spindle receptors are stimulated by
Nuclear chain and/or nuclear bag
172
2 degree muscle spindle receptors are stimulated by
Nuclear chain only
173
Gamma motor neuron = _____________ & _____________ (tone)
Cerebellum; intrafusal
174
Alpha motor neuron = ____________ & ____________
Pre-central Gyrus of cortex; Extrafusal
175
Definition of convection
Air waves cool off object
176
Definition of radiation heat transfer
How you normally give off heat
177
Passive diffusion follows
Concentration gradient
178
Facilitated diffusion uses (3)
1) A carrier protein
2) Voltage gates
3) Ligand gating (bind chemical w/ protein)
179
Primary active transport requires
ATP
180
Secondary active transport mechanism:
High Sodium concentration gradient carries molecules into cell
181
Excitatory molecules in the CNS: (5)
1) AcH
2) Nor/epinephrine
3) glutamate
4) dopamine
5) Serotonin
182
Inhibitory molecules in the CNS: (2)
1) Glycine (spine)
2) GABA (brain)
183
The neuromuscular junction uses _____ to transmit impulses
AcH
184
The autonomic nervous system uses ________ & _________ to transmit impulses:
AcH & Norepinephrine
185
AcH activates what 2 receptors?
Muscanaric & Nicotinic
186
Muscanaric receptors are the…
Effector cells fo the parasympathetic
187
Nictinic receptors are the…
Skeletal muscle fibers including pre-ganglion is sympathetic and parasympathetic
