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Part 1 Boards > Part 1: Biochemistry (Pathways & Cycles) > Flashcards

Part 1: Biochemistry (Pathways & Cycles) Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

The Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

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2
Q

Aerobic Glycolysis = ___________ -> ______________

A

Glucose -> 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

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3
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis = ____________ -> _____________

A

Glucose -> 2 lactate (lactic acid)

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4
Q

Glycolysis is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

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5
Q

Glycolysis is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

What are the regulatory enzymes involved in glycolysis?

A

1) Hexokinase
2) Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
3) Pyruvate Kinase

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7
Q

Match the step with the regulatory enzyme in glycolysis:
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate

A

Step 1: Hexokinase
Step 3: Phosphofructokinase
Step 9: Pyruvate

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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9
Q

What reaction of glycolysis has a net gain of ATP?

A

Step 9 (where pyruvate kinase acts)

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10
Q

What is the net gain of ATP and NADH in aerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH

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11
Q

Aerobic glycolysis continues in the…

A

Kreb Cycle

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12
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis continues in the…

A

Cori Cycle

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13
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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14
Q

The Cori cycle occurs under ______________ conditions and involves the ________ and the _________.

A

Anaerobic; Muscle & liver

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15
Q

What is the net gain at the end of the Cori cycle?

A

2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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16
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex occurs in

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex converts…

A

Pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

What type of reaction is the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation (NADH is produced and CO2 is lost)

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19
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

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20
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

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21
Q

What coenzymes are involved in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex? (5)

A

1) NAD+ (B3)
2) FAD+ (B2)
3) Thiamine Pyrophosphate (B1)
4) Lipoic Acid
5) CoA (B5)

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22
Q

AKA’s for the Kreb’s Cycle:

A

Citric Acid cycle & Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

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23
Q

The Krebs Cycle occurs in

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

What are the regulatory enzymes involved in the Krebs Cycle? (3)

A

1) Citrate synthase
2) isocitrate dehydrogenase
3) alpha-keto glutamate dehydrogenase

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25
How many steps are there in the Krebs Cycle?
8 (not including production of cis aconitate)
26
For every 1 round of the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP are produced?
12
27
Order of products during the Krebs Cycle. (10)
Oxaloacetate Citrate Cis Asconitrate Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate Alpha Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate L-Malate
28
For every 1 NADH, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle via the _______________
3; electron transport chain
29
For every 1 FADH2, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle via the ___________________.
2; electron transport chain
30
For every 1 GTP, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle.
1
31
The synthesis of ATP in the Electron transport chain is referred to as
Oxidative phosphorylation
32
Electron transport chain occurs in…
The INNERmitochondrial membrane
33
Each NADH in the Electron transport chain produces how many ATP?
3
34
Each FADH in the Electron transport chain produces how many ATP?
2
35
What molecules most readily accepts electrons?
Oxygen
36
What hypothesis couples the Electron transport chain with ATP synthesis?
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (Mitchell hypothesis)
37
Coenzyme Q10 is similar in structure to
Vitamin K
38
Coenzyme Q10 is naturally produced in the
Liver
39
What does Coenzyme Q10 do in the Electron transport chain?
1) delivers Oxygen to the ETC 2) activates complex I,II & III in the ETC
40
What are the inhibitors of the Electron transport chain? (5)
1) Cyanide 2) Amitol 3) Rotinone 4) Carbon Monoxide 5) Excessive Energy
41
Gluconeogenesis occurs in
Primarily cytosol, but conversion of pyruvate -> oxaloacetate -> malate occurs in the mitochndria
42
What does Malate do during Gluconeogenesis?
Crosses the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol where it is converted back into oxaloacetate
43
What are the 3 primary precursors for gluconeogenesis?
1) Glycerol 2) Lactate 3) Amino acids
44
When is glycerol generated?
During breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
45
Where is Lactate derived from?
Muscle during anaerobic exercise
46
What are the enzymes of Gluconeogenesis? (4)
1) Pyruvate carboxylase 2) PEP carboxykinase 3) Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase 4) Glucose-6-phosphatase
47
The Gluconeogenesis reaction involving Pyruvate carboxylase is a ____________ reaction with ______ as the coenzyme.
Carboxylation; biotin
48
The reaction produced by pyruvate carboxylase in Gluconeogenesis occurs in
Mitochondria
49
Both ___________________ and _________________ are needed to bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis.
Pyruvate carboxylase & PEP carboxykinase
50
What enzyme in Gluconeogenesis bypasses PFK in glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
51
Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the
LIVER not the muscle
52
What enzyme allows the liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown in Gluconeogenesis?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
53
What enzyme in Gluconeogenesis bypasses glucokinase in glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
54
Glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm of the…
Liver and muscle
55
What is the enzyme during Glycogen Synthesis?
Glycogen synthase
56
Glycogen Synthesis is inhibited by what hormone?
Glucagon
57
Glycogen Synthesis is stimulated by what hormone?
Insulin
58
What is the Major Intermediate of Glycogen Synthesis?
UDP-Glucose
59
What is the enzyme for Glycogen Degradation?
Glycogen phosphorylase
60
Glycogen Degradation is stimulated by what hormones?
Glucagon & Epinephrine
61
Glycogen Degradation is inhibited by what hormones?
Insulin
62
AKA’s for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
1) HMP Shunt 2) phosphogluconate pathway
63
Pentose Phosphate Pathway occurs in
The cytosol
64
What is the enzyme used in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
65
What are the function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway? (2)
1) production of NADPH for fatty acid and steroid hormone synthesis 2) production of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide (DNA/RNA) synthesis
66
What is the net gain/loss of ATP in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
None
67
Where does Fatty Acid Synthesis occur?
Cytosol
68
What enzyme is involved in Fatty Acid Synthesis?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
69
Fatty Acid Synthesis is a ___________ process.
Reductive
70
Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol as __________ in Fatty Acid Synthesis?
Citrate
71
What are the coenzymes used in Fatty Acid Synthesis?
NADPH
72
Fatty Acid Synthesis is AKA:
Lipogenesis
73
Fatty Acid Degradation is AKA:
1) Beta-Oxidation 2) Lipolysis
74
Fatty Acid Degradation occurs in…
The mitochondria
75
What is the enzyme involved in Fatty Acid Degradation?
Hormone-sensitive lipase
76
What is the function of Hormone-sensitive lipase in Fatty Acid Degradation?
Cleaves fatty acids off triacylglycerides that are stored in adipose tissue
77
Fatty Acid Degradation is stimulated by what hormone?
Epinephrine
78
Fatty Acid Degradation is inhibited by what hormone?
Insulin
79
In Fatty Acid Degradation, what transports fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria?
Carnitine
80
What is the precursor to Carnitine in Fatty Acid Degradation?
Lysine
81
Fatty Acid Synthesis is inhibited by what hormone?
Glucagon
82
Fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by what hormone?
Insulin
83
The Urea Cycle occurs in…
Both Cytosol & Mitochondria
84
Urea contains ___________ and a single __________.
2 nitrogen atoms and 1 carbon
85
Both of the nitrogen atoms of Urea come from…
Glutamate
86
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the Urea Cycle?
Carbomoyl Phosphate Synthase
87
What reaction does the enzyme Carbamoyl phosphate synthase catalyze in the Urea Cycle?
(CO2 + NH3 + 2ATP -> carbamoyl phosphate)
88
Where is the rate limiting enzyme of the Urea Cycle located?
In the mitochondria
89
What are the intermediates of the Urea Cycle? (3)
1) Arginine 2) Citrulline 3) Ornithine
90
Fatty Acid Metabolism occurs in a ______ ____ _______.
Well Fed State

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