PCM

Question 1

gait cycle: average step length

Answer 1

14-16 inch

Question 2

gait cycle: average cadence

Answer 2

90-120 steps/ min (higher by 6 in women)

Question 3

gait cycle: average speed

Answer 3

3 mph

Question 4

gait cycle: definition

Answer 4

from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot

Question 5

gait cycle: 2 phases

Answer 5

stance and swing

Question 6

gait cycle: positions

Answer 6

heel strike –> foot flat –> heel off –> toe off –>heel strike

Question 7

gait cycle: “swing” phase occurs in between which foot positions

Answer 7

toe off to heel strike

Question 8

gait cycle: “propulsion” is made of which 2 foot positions

Answer 8

heel off and toe off

Question 9

whats the name for the foot joint connecting the 5 metatarsals to the distal most tarsal bones

Answer 9

lisfranc joint

Question 10

whats the name for the foot joint connecting hind foot (calcareous and talus) to mid foot structures (cuneiforms, cuboid, and navicular)

Answer 10

midtarsal (chopart) joint

Question 11

mm responsible for lowering foot to ground for “contact” phase of gait cycle

Answer 11

extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior

Question 12

what must the tibia do after heel strike in order for calcaneus to evert and talus to drop (which unlocks mid tarsal joints for shock absorption)

Answer 12

internally rotate

Question 13

during mid stance, the body’s center of gravity shifts where

Answer 13

from behind to over the foot

Question 14

as the body passes over mid-foot, it places ankle in maximal dorsiflexion. this puts maximal preload on what mm

Answer 14

gastroc-soleus complex

Question 15

whats the term for the effect that occurs when 1st metatarsophalangeal joint extends resulting in plantar fascia that elevates the arch and further assists in foot supination

Answer 15

windlass effect

Question 16

most problems with gait cycle occur during which phase

Answer 16

stance phase

Question 17

which part of gait cycle is also called initial contact

Answer 17

heel strike

Question 18

which part of gait cycle is also called loading response

Answer 18

foot flat

Question 19

which part of gait cycle is also called terminal stance

Answer 19

heel off

Question 20

which part of gait cycle is also called pre swing

Answer 20

toe off (50-60% of the stance cycle is spent here)

Question 21

when the left foot is in mid stance where is the right foot

Answer 21

mid swing

Question 22

when the left foot is in initial contact where is the right foot

Answer 22

terminal stance

Question 23

which gait cycle phase provides limb and trunk stability

Answer 23

mid stance

Question 24

which gait cycle phase provides weight release from stationary foot

Answer 24

pre swing

Question 25

we have single limb support for how much of our gait cycle

Answer 25

80%

Question 26

how much does your center of gravity move in a superior/ inferior motion during gait cycle

Answer 26

less than 2 in

Question 27

how does our center of gravity shift superior/ inferior during gait cycle

Answer 27

early stance: weight transferred to foot. the hip on the non weight bearing side drops 2 in

Question 28

how do we "lengthen" the femur during gait cycle

Answer 28

innominate (pelvis) rotates anterior 4 ish degrees

Question 29

which gait disturbance: adopted limp to avoid pain on weight bearing structures, short stance phase on affected side

Answer 29

antalgic gait

Question 30

which gait disturbance: stiffness in affected joints, plantar flex opposite to affected side to increase clearance, affected leg is circumducted, step is shorter

Answer 30

arthrogenic gait

Question 31

which gait disturbance: unsteady, uncoordinated walk, broad base of support needed, loss of sensation/ control, staggering, watches feet when walking

Answer 31

ataxic gait

Question 32

which gait disturbance: leg stiff, no flexion of knee and ankle, form a semicircle with rotation on each step

Answer 32

hemiplegic gait

Question 33

which gait disturbance: full foot drop, hip raised high to clear toe, quiet gait usually

Answer 33

steppage (foot drop, high step, neuropathic) gait

Question 34

which gait disturbance: small shuffling steps, hypokinesia (slowness of movement), reduced stride length and walking speed while cadence rate is increased

Answer 34

parkinsonian (festinating) gait

Question 35

What are some causes of antalgic gait

Answer 35

Trauma, osteoarthritis, pelvic girdle pain, coxalgia, tarsal tunnel syndrome

Question 36

What are some causes of arthrogenic gait

Answer 36

Osteoarthritis of hip/ knee, Post orthopedic surgery

Question 37

What are some causes of ataxic gait

Answer 37

Vestibular, cerebellar hemmorrhage, friedreich's ataxia, pontine cerebellar atrophy, chronic mercury poisoning, posterior fossa tumor, alcoholism, drugs

Question 38

What are some causes of stoppage gait

Answer 38

Peroneal nerve injury (lumbar disc herneation, MS, Giuliani barre, parkinsons)

Question 39

Abnormal depression of the chest

Answer 39

Pectus excavatum

Question 40

Abnormal expansion of the chest (pigeon chest)

Answer 40

Pectus carinatum

Question 41

Curvature of cervical spine

Answer 41

Lordosis

Question 42

Curvature of thoracic spine

Answer 42

Kyphosis

Question 43

Curvature of lumbar spine

Answer 43

Lordosis

Question 44

Curvature of sacral spine

Answer 44

Kyphosis

Question 45

What does the acronym NURSE stand for

Answer 45

Name, understand, respect, support, explore

Question 46

What does. CAGE stand for and when do we use it

Answer 46

Men. >14 drinks per week. Or 4 per day | Women >>>7. Drinks per week or 3 per day

Question 47

What are the 5. Ps of sexual questioning

Answer 47

``` Partners Prevention Protection Practices Past history of STDs ```

Question 48

What does SAFE stand for

Answer 48

Safety, abused, friends/ family, emergency plan For domestic violence

Question 49

Another name for fibrous joint

Answer 49

Synarthrosis

Question 50

Another name for cartilagenous joints

Answer 50

Amphiarthrosis

Question 51

Another name for synovial joints

Answer 51

Diarthrosis

Question 52

3 fibrous joints

Answer 52

Cranial sutures, syndesmosis (tibiofibular), gomphosis

Question 53

2 kinds of cartilaginous joints

Answer 53

Hyaline- synchondrosis (costochondral/ epiphyseal plate) | Fibrocartilage- symphyses (intervertebral disc)

Question 54

What covers the ends. Of bones that are involved in synovial. Joints to reduce friction

Answer 54

Hyaline cartilage

Question 55

Articular (hyaline) cartilage at synovial joints does not have blood or nerve supply so how does it get nourishment?

Answer 55

Synovial fluid

Question 56

Whats hiltons law

Answer 56

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and skin covering it

Question 57

What is wolfs law

Answer 57

Bone is increased or reabsorbed wherever needed

Question 58

Complete loss of articular cartilage, thickening of subchondral bone

Answer 58

Eburnation

Question 59

Fragments of cartilage or bone floating free in synovial fluid (often in degenerative joint disease)

Answer 59

Joint mice (osteochondromatosis)

Question 60

What type of arthritis is not inflammatory

Answer 60

Osteoarthritis is erosion of cartilage that buffers the bones

Question 61

Whats in the central compartment of the hip

Answer 61

Labrum, ligamentum teres, articular surface

Question 62

What tests. Can be performed to assess central compartment. Of hip

Answer 62

Log roll, c sign, Labral load, labral distract, Scour, apprehension, faber

Question 63

What is in the peripheral compartment of the hip

Answer 63

Femoral neck, synovial lining

Question 64

What tests can assess the peripheral compartment of hip

Answer 64

Log roll, Ely's, rectus femoris

Question 65

What is in the lateral compartment of hip

Answer 65

Glut min, piriformis, IT band, trochanteric bursae

Question 66

What is in the anterior compartment fo hip

Answer 66

Iliopsoas insertion, iliopsoas bursae

Question 67

Name the test: you ask a patient to stand with all weight on the affected leg and watch for the opposite hip to drop

Answer 67

Trendelenburg sign

Question 68

DTR for. The knee tests what spinal nerve segment

Answer 68

L4

Question 69

What gets injured in the unhappy triad fo the knee

Answer 69

ACL, MCL, medial meniscus

Question 70

DTR of achilles tendon is checking nerve function at what spinal segment

Answer 70

S1

Question 71

What spinal nerve segments are tested by biceps. Brachii DTR

Answer 71

C5

Question 72

What spinal nerve segments are tested by brachii radialis DTR

Answer 72

C6

Question 73

What spinal nerve segments are tested by triceps DTR

Answer 73

C7

Question 74

Shoulder. Muscles that do flexion

Answer 74

Anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis

Question 75

Shoulder muscles that do extension

Answer 75

Latissimus dorsi, teres major

Question 76

When carrying angle is reduced

Answer 76

Cubitus varus

Question 77

When carrying angle is increased

Answer 77

Cubitus valgus

Question 78

Varus stress test of elbow looking at what joint structure

Answer 78

LCL: radial collateral ligament

Question 79

Valgus stress test of elbow looking at what joint structure

Answer 79

MCL: ulnar collateral ligament

Question 80

Radial head subluxation due to tear of the ___ is nursemaids elbow

Answer 80

Annular ligament

Question 81

What elbow motion is coupled with pronation

Answer 81

Ulnar abduction and posterior radial head glide

Question 82

What elbow motion is coupled with supination

Answer 82

Ulnar adduction, radial head anterior glide

Question 83

How does colles fracture present

Answer 83

(Distal radius fracture) Dorsal and radial displacement of wrist/ hand

Question 84

Dequervain syndrome will give what positive test

Answer 84

Finkelstein

Question 85

How can you test for carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 85

Phalens, tinnel, ok sign