MCM Correlation boxes- Quiz 2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
a deoxyribonucleotide is the building block for DNA. This structure consists of 2-deoxyribose with ___ attached at the 1’ position and ___ is attached at the 5’ position of the sugar?
1’ base
5’ phosphate
Nucleoside analogs that lack a 3’ OH group can inhibit DNA replication. These nucleosides only need be converted to dNTPs before they actively inhibit which replicative enzyme
DNA polymerase
what are the 3 nucleoside analogs that inhibit DNA replication?
ara-C
acyclovir
AZT
the drug ara-C contains a sugar arabinose and is converted by animal cells into ara-CTP which deactivates DNA polymerase by what kind of inhibition? What disease is this drug used to treat?
competitive inhibtion,
leukemia
this drug is taken up by HIV infected cells and gets utilized by viral reverse transcriptase
AZT
if an allele in the ___ gene is mutated, then individuals have an increased susceptibility to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
MER complex (MSH2 or MLH1)
defects in DNA repair process cause some to suffer from a condition involving extreme sun sensitivity and are prone to melanoma and carcinomas because of thymine dimers. what disease is this?
xeroderma pigmentosum
In this rare autosomal disorder, genes that normally code for transcription coupled repair (TCR) in DNA are mutated. DNA cannot be repaired so cell dysfunction or death may occur. symptoms include neurological delay, photosensitivity, premature aging. Death normally occurs in the first 2 decades of life.
cockayne syndrome
most commonly, cockayne syndrome involves a mutation in the __ gene which normally is involved in transcription coupled repair (TCR)
ERCC8
What is the tumor suppressor gene that, when mutated, increases the chance of developing breast or ovarian cancer 5 fold? (also associated with cervical, uterine, pancreatic, colon, pancreatic, testicular, and prostate cancer in men)
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Transcription factors are able to bind specific regions of DNA to regulate transcription of a certain gene. The area of the genome where they bind is called what?
response element
Response elements are where transcription factors bind to DNA. Where are response elements found within the genome?
in the promoter or regulatory (enhancer) region of a gene
what kind of DNA modification do transcription factors usually use to regulate gene expression
phosphorylation
a significant fraction of oncogenes are activated by aberrant increase in expression due to the activity of these regulatory factors
transcription factors
Name this gene: encodes a protein important for neurologic function, normally contains 30 CGG repeats but can contain over 200 copies upstream of the coding region if mutated (this mutation causes methylation of cytosine and then transcription is turned off and these poor kiddos have neuro issues)
FMR1 gene (fragile X mental retardation)
mot abundant structural protein in vertebrates
collagen
some lysines in pro collagen are post translationally modified in the cell to generate 5-hydroxylysines which are further modified how?
glycosylation
once outside the cell the lysine residues in collagen are oxidatively deaminated to what functional group
aldehydic residues
what kind of modification is essential to proper assembly and cross linking of collagen helices
hydroxylation of lysine and proline
mutations in lysyl hydroxylases result in skin, bone, and joint disorders because we cannot properly form what protein
collagen
what coenzyme is essential for activity of lysyl and propyl hydroxylases which function to activate collagen?
ascorbic acid (vitC)
what kind of disorder arises from defects in assembly of the core oligosaccharide or in processing complex types of glycoproteins in the golgi? (70% of these cases arise from a defect in the enzyme that makes mannose 1 phosphate)
congenital disorders of glycosylation
this method of determining number and gross structure of metaphase chromosomes however it does not provide information at the molecular level
karyotyping
what are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
inversion
deletion
duplication
translocation (2 chromosomes exchange segments of DNA- can be balanced or unbalanced meaning the two chromosomes end up dissimilar in length to their normal counterpart)
