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IGCSE FLASH CARDS > PE 1.1-1.3 > Flashcards

PE 1.1-1.3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the skeleton (4)

A

Shape and support
Muscle attachment
Protection
Red blood cell production

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2
Q

Sketeton bones (19)

A

cranium
clavicle
scapula
vertebrae
ribs
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

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3
Q

Classification of bones (3)

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones

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4
Q

Long bones and its function (7)

A

Weight: Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula

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5
Q

Short bones and its function (3)

A

Stability: Carpals, patella and talus

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6
Q

Flat bones and its function (3)

A

Protection: Cranium, sternum and ribs

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7
Q

Types of joints (3)

A

Immovable joints / fibrous joints

Slightly movable/ cartilaginous joints

Freely movable joints / synovial joints: Ball and socket and hinge.

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8
Q

What is an Immovable joints / fibrous joint

A

Bone ends or the bones that fuse together

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9
Q

Type of a slightly movable/ cartilaginous joint

A

Vertebrae

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10
Q

Types of Ball and socket and hinge joint

A

Ball and socket joints: Shoulder and hip
Hinge joint: Ankle, knee and elbow

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11
Q

The structure of a synovial joint (5)

A

synovial membrane
synovial fluid
joint (fibrous) capsule
cartilage
ligaments

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12
Q

Function of synovial membrane

A

Tissue that lines the inside of the joint and helps replenish synovial fluid

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13
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricant that reduces friction

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14
Q

Function of joint capsule

A

Fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint adding strength and protection, preventing wear and tear

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15
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Fibrous tissue that cover end of the articulating bones preventing them rub

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16
Q

Function of ligament

A

Thick fibrous tissue that connects bones, restricts them from movement and prevent dislocation

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17
Q

Movements at joints (7)

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion

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18
Q

What is a flexion

A

Bending the joint

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19
Q

What is an extension

A

Strengthening the joint

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20
Q

What is an abduction

A

Movement away of the midline of the body

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21
Q

What is an adduction

A

Movement back to the midline of the body

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22
Q

What is a rotation

A

The movement around the axis

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23
Q

What is a plantarflexion

A

Toes pointing downwards

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24
Q

What is a dorsiflexion

A

Toes pointing upwards

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25
Muscles (13)
Pectorals Deltoid Trapezius Bicep Abdominals Hip Flexors Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior Tricep Latissimus Dorsi Gluteals Hamstring Gastrocnemius
26
The role of tendons
To attach muscles to bones and help move the skeleton when muscles contract.
27
The action of agonists muscles
The muscle that contracts to create movement
28
What is an antagonistic muscle action
When muscles work in pairs, one muscle contracts and the other relaxes
29
The action of antagonists muscles
Relaxes as the agonist contracts to allow movement
30
The action of agonists muscles
The muscle that contracts to create movement
31
Types of contraction (3)
Isometric Isotonic concentric Isotonic eccentric
32
What is a isometric contraction
The muscles contract but there is no movement eg: plank
33
What is an isotonic concentric contraction
The muscle contracts and shortens
34
What is an isotonic eccentric contraction
The muscle contracts and lengthens
35
Muscle fibre types (2)
Slow twitch Fast twitch
36
Slow twitch: Force created Fatigue tolerance Aerobic/anaerobic energy supply
Little force Higher fatigue tolerance, don't tire easy Aerobic energy supply Exercise with oxygen, steady and long duration
37
Fast twitch Force created Fatigue tolerance Aerobic/anaerobic energy supply
Large amount of force Lower fatigue tolerance, tire quickly Anaerobic energy supply Exercise without oxygen, high intensity and short duration
38
Pathway of air (5)
Mouth/nasal passage Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli.
39
Characteristics of alveoli that enable gaseous exchange to occur (4)
Thin walls Moist lining Rich blood supply Good ventilation
40
Function of the diaphragm at inspiration
Contracts and moves downwards, increasing the space in the chest cavity
41
Function of the intercostal muscles at inspiration
Contract, lifting the ribcage up and out.
42
Function of the diaphragm at expiration
Relaxes and moves upwards into a dome shape.
43
Function of the intercostal muscles at expiration
Relax, causing the ribcage to move down and in.
44
Breathing volumes (4)
Tidal volume Vital capacity Residual volume Minute ventilation
45
What is Tidial volume
The volume of air inhaled during normal breathing (ml)
46
What is Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out, after breathing as much as you can
47
What is Residual volume
The amount of air that stays in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
48
What is minute ventilation
The amount of air a person can breathe in and out in a minute
49
What is the equation for minute ventilation
Minute ventilation= Tidal volume x Respiratory rate
50
Components of blood (4)
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
51
What is Plasma
Liquid part flows easy, that transport gases, nutrients, waste products and other blood components.
52
What are red blood cells
Disc shaped cells that contain haemoglobin.Transport Oxygen around the body.
53
What are white blood cells
Part of the immune system by attacking pathogens or by producing antigens.
54
What is Platelets
Contains an enzyme that causes blood clot and prevents continuous bleeding and blocks pathogens entering
55
Function of Haemoglobin
Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
56
Blood vessels (3)
Arteries Capillaries Veins
57
Function and structure of Arteries (wall thickness, lumen size, presence of valves)
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body * Thick muscular wall * Narrow lumen size * No
58
Function and structure of Veins (wall thickness, lumen size, presence of valves)
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart * Thin muscular wall * Wide lumen size * Yes
59
Function and structure of Capillaries (wall thickness, lumen size, presence of valves)
Facilitate exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues. * Very thin wall * Very small lumen size * No
60
Heart structure (10)
Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Pulmonary artery Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary vein Septum Valves
61
Function of Right atrium
An upper chamber receiving de-oxygenated blood
62
Function of Left atrium
An upper chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs
63
Function of Right ventricle
A lower chamber containing de-oxygenated
64
Function of Left ventricle
A lower chamber containing oxygenated blood
65
Function of Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
66
Function of Aorta
Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body
67
Function of Vena cava
Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
68
Function of Pulmonary vein
Returns oxygenated blood to the heart
69
Function of septum
The wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart
70
Function of valves
Valves prevent the backflow of blood.
71
The pathway of blood through the heart (4)
Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein.
72
What does Diastole means
The heart filling with blood / is relaxing
73
What does Systole means
The heart emptying / is contracting
74
Define Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute
75
Equation of Cardiac output
Cardiac output= Heart rate x Stroke volume
76
Define Stoke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
77
Define Heart rate
Is the number of beats per minute
78
The effects of exercise on the heart (3)
Increase in heart rate Increase in stroke volume Increase in cardiac output

IGCSE FLASH CARDS (16 decks)

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