Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Pelvis And Perineum > Flashcards

Pelvis And Perineum Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Bony pelvis functions

A

. Supports and protects pelvic viscera
. Transmits upper body weight to lower extremities
. Provides stable base for lower limb function
. Forms birth canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bony pelvis structure

A

. R/L hipbones, sacrum, and coccyx
. Hipbone formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis that fuse in puberty
. Sacrum
. Coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Joints of pelvis and descriptions

A

. Pubic symphysis: immobile, formed by fibrocartilage interpubic disc and R/L pubic bodies
. SI joints: R/L ilia and sacrum, reinforced by ant., post., an interosseous SI ligaments, minimal gliding and rotational movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pelvic ligament function

A

. Resist rotational forces generated when sacrum is loaded w/ weight ant. To its; axis. Of rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pelvic ligaments

A

. Sacrotuberous: from sacrum to ischial tuberosity
. Sarcospinous: sacrum to ischial spine (deep to sacrotuberous)
. Ant., post., interosseous SI: make up SI joint
. Pubic: around pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hip fracture vs pelvic fractures

A

. Hip: fracture of femoral head

. Pelvis: fracture of actual hipbone, have to worry about pelvic viscera damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relaxin

A

. Hormone released during pregnancy
. Relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens interpubic disc
. Inc. mobility in SI joints and pubic symphysis to facilitate childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Superior pelvic aperture

A

. Pelvic inlet
. Pelvic brim formed by pubic crest, pecten pubis, arcuate line of ilium, sacral ala, and sacral promontory
. Boundary btw greater (false) pelvis (continuous sup. W/ abdominal cavity) and lesser (true) pelvis (contains pelvic viscera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inferior pelvic aperture

A

. Pelvic outlet/birth canal
. Delineated by ischial tuberosities, ischial spines, ischiopubic rami, and coccyx
. Diamond-shaped
. Correspond to perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

. Male pelvis unique factors

A

. Robust w/ heavier rami
. Larger articular surfaces
. More pronounced muscle attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adult female pelvis unique characteristics

A 
. Ovoid pelvic inlet 
. Longer pubic rami
. Wider spaced ischial tuberosities and ischial spines 
. Reduced sacral curvature 
. Greater subpubic angle 
. Wider greater sciatic notch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interspinous distance

A

. Critical minimum dimension of birth canal
. Inlet widest transversely
. Outlet widest AP
. Allows fetal head and shoulders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscles of lateral wall of pelvis

A

. Obturator internus

. Piriformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Obturator internus m. OIAN

A

. O: internal surfaces off bony boundaries of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
. I: tendon exits pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen to greater trochanter
. A:
. N: nerve to obturator internus (L5/S2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Iscioanal fossa

A

. Obturator internus m. And obturator fascia form lat. wall

. Inf. To levator ani m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Piriformis OIAN

A

. O: anterolateral surface of sacral body, sup. Margin of greater sciatic notch
. I: tendon exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen to greater trochanter
. A:
. N: nerve to piriformis (S1-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pelvis diaphragm/floor

A

. Funnel-shaped group of muscles that partially close off outlet
. Support abdominopelvic viscera esp. when intra-abdominal pressure inc.
. Consists of coccygeus and levator ani group muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Coccygeus OIAN

A

O: ischial spine
I: pelvic surface of inf. Sacrum and coccyx
A: pulls coccyx ant. And supports pelvic viscera
N: branches of S4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Levator ani group

A

. Elevates pelvic floor to resist and/or raise intra-abdominal pressure
. Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus mm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Levator ani group muscles innervation

A

. Nerve to levator ani (S3-4)
. Inf. Rectal nn. (S2-4)
. Coccygeal plexus (S4-Co1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Puborectalis m. OI

A

O: body of pubis
. I: fibers go posteromedially to insert post. To anal canal on fiber from opposite side
. Some fibers merge w/ upper portion of external anal sphincter (and around vagina in women)
. Forms puborectal sling around anorectal junction to help maintain fecal continence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pubococcygeus m. OI

A

. O: pubis and ant. Portion of tendinous arch of levator ani
. I: fibers go posteromedially to insert post. To anal canal on anococcygeal ligament and coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Iliococcygeus m. OI

A

O: tendinous arch of levator ani
I: anococcygeal ligament and coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tendinous arch of levator ani

A

. Thickened portion of obturator internus fascia
. Extends in arch from pubis to ischial spine
. Gives origin parts of levator ani m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Urogenital hiatus
. Midline space btw R/: puborectalis mm. | . Transmits urethra, vagina, and anal canal
26
Obturator canal
. Passage btw sup. Pubic ramus and sup. Margin of obturator membrane spanning obturator foramen . Transmits obturator n./a./v.
27
Greater sciatic foramen and contents
. Formed by greater sciatic notch and sup. Border of sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments . Connects pelvic cavity w/ gluteal region . Piriformis m. Exits pelvis here . Sup. Gluteal n./a./v. (L4-S1) pass sup. To piriformis . Inf. Gluteal n./a./v. (L5-S2), pudendal (S2-4) and internal pudendal a./v. Pass inf. To piriformis m.
28
Lesser sciatic foramen
. Formed by lesser sciatic notch and inf. Border of sacrospinous ligament and sup., border of sacrotuberous ligament . Connects gluteal region w/ perineum . Tendon of obturator internus m. Exits pelvis here . Pudendal n. And internal pudendal a./v. Exit pelvis via greater sciatic foramen, pass lat. around ischial spine and sacrotuberous ligament, pass medially through lesser sciatic foramen to enter perineum
29
Perineum
. Diamond-shaped region located inf. To pelvic diaphragm and btw prox. Thighs . Includes external genitalia, openings of urinary, GI, and reproductive tracts, assoc. muscles, and neurovasculature
30
Boundaries of perineum
``` . Ant.: pubic symphysis . Anterolateral: ischiopubic rami . Lat.: ischial tuberosities . Posteroateral: sacrotuberous ligaments . Post.: inf. Sacrum and coccyx ```
31
Transverse line connecting ischial tuberosities divides perineum into _____
. Ant. Urogenital (UG) triangle | . Post. Anal triangle
32
What does anal triangle contain?
. Anal canal . Anal orifice . R/L ischioanal fossae
33
External anal sphincter
. Skeletal muscle fibers circle inf. End of anal canal . Superficial fibers attach to perineal body and coccyx . Deep upper fibers blend w/ puborectalis m. . Closes anal orifice to prevent defecation
34
External anal sphincter innervation
. Inf. Rectal nn. (Branches of pudendal nn.)
35
Ischioanal fossae
. Wedge shaped, fat-filled lat. to anus . Inf. Boundary: perianal skin . Lat.: obturator fascia covering obturator internus mm. . Sup.: Inf. Surface of levator ani m. Covered by deep fascia . Med.: walls of anal canal . Post.: sacrotuberous ligament . Ant.: ant. Recesses of ischioanal fossae extending to UG triangle
36
Anterior recesses of ischioanal fossae
. Extend to UG triangle . Sup. To muscles of deep perineal pouch . Pyramid shaped . Apex is closed, points ant. Toward pubis . Base is open and continuous post. W/ ischioanal fossae . L/R fossae communicate deep to anococcygeal ligament in deep post-anal space . Permits movement of pelvic diaphragm and expansion of anal canal
37
Pudendal canal
. In lat. wall of ischioanal fossa w/in obturator internus m. Fascia . Transmits pudendal n. And internal pudendal a./v. And branches that supply perianal structures
38
Superficial perineal fascia components
. SubQ of perineum . Fatty layer . Membraneous layer
39
Fatty layer of superficial perineal fascia
. Continuous w Camper’s fascia . Forms labia majora and mons pubis in females . Minimal/absent in scrotum/penis in males
40
Membraneous layer of superficial perineal fascia
. Colles fascia . Continuous w/ dartos fascia . Attaches lat. to ischiopubic rami and fuses post. Perineal body and post. Border of perineal membrane . Fuses w/ deep fascia of thigh (fascia lata) at inguinal ligament
41
Deep perineal fascia
. Investing fascia of muscles of superficial perineal pouch . Attaches lat. to ischiopubic rami . Ant. Continuous w/ deep fascia of external oblique and rectus sheath
42
Perineal membrane
. Tough investing fascia of the muscles of deep perineal pouch . Attaches lat. to ischiopubic rami and partially spans UG triangle . Divides the UG region from inf. Surface of pelvic diaphragm (sup.) to the Colles fascia into 2 stacked fascial pouches
43
Superficial perineal pouch
. Enclosed compartment . Potential space located btw Colles fascia (inf) and perineal membrane (sup) . Laterally bounded by ischiopubic rami . Post. Bounded by fusion of Colles fascia and post. Margin of perineal membrane . Contains erectile tissues, superficial perineal muscles, nn. Vessels, portion of urethra (males and females), vagina and greater vestibular glands in females
44
Deep perineal pouch
. Loosely defined . Btw perineal membrane (inf), inf. Fascia of pelvic diaphragm (sup) and obturator internus fascia (lat) . Contains deep perineal mm., dorsal neurovasculature of penis/clit, portions of urethra, bulbourethral glands in males, and ant. Recesses of ischioanal fossae
45
Perineal body
. Musculofibrous mass in median plane btw anal canal and vestibule of vagina or bulb of penis . Fuses to post. Border of perineal membrane and sup. W/ rectovesical/rectovaginal septum . Site of convergence of several perineal mm. . Maintains integrity of pelvic floor and fecal incontinence
46
Muscles that converge in perineal body
. Bulbospongiosus m. . Superficial and deep transverse perineal mm. . External anal sphincter m. . Fibers from external urethral sphincter m. . Levator ani . Smooth muscle fibers from rectum
47
What happens if there is disruption of perineal body?
. Pelvic floor laxity . Weakening of urethral and anal sphincters . Herniation or prolapse of pelvic viscera (bladder, uterus, vagina, and/or rectum)
48
Penis components and descriptions
. Shaft: corpus spongiosum (ventral midline tube w/ urethra) and paired corpora cavernosa lined w/ endothelium forming sinuses btw tubes . Glans of penis: terminal expansion of corpora spongiosum (distal urethra and external urethral orifice) . Corona of glans: projection of glans beyond corpus spongiosum . Prepuce (foreskin): hood of kin and fascia. Sheathing glans, attached ventrally by frenulum of perpuce
49
Coverings of penis from superficial to deep
. Skin . Superficial dartos fascia . Deep (Buck) fascia . Tunica albuginea covering each of the erectile bodies
50
Components of vulva
``` . Mons pubis . Labia majora . Labia minora . Clit . Vestibule ```
51
Mons pubis
. SubQ fat pad superficial to pubic symphysis
52
Labia majora
. Paired fatty skin folds lat. to labia minora
53
Labia minora
. Paired folds of skin and fat-free fascia med. to majora . Unite ant. To form dorsal perpuce and ventral frenulum of Clit . Unite post. To vestibule at frenulum of labia majora
54
Clit
. Has body and glans . Fused corpora cavernosa . Dorsal and ventral surfaces of clit same as penis . Thinner fascial layers than penis
55
Vestibule in vulva
. Area btw labia minora | . Contains external urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, and openings of ducts of greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands
56
Root of penis
Formed by erectile bodies (corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum) proximally
57
Crura of penis
. Prox. Portions of corpora cavernosa that attach to ischiopubic rami . R/L crura fuse at pubic symphysis
58
Bulb of penis
. Broad proximal portion of corpus spongiosum . Attaches to inf. Surface of perineal membrane . Urethra pierces sup. Surface of bulb and turns ant. To becomes spongy urethra
59
Membraneous urethra
Part of male urethra within deep perineal space
60
Spongy urethra
. Traverses superficial perineal pouch w/in penis bulb | . Continues distally through penis body w/in corpus spongiosum
61
What forms root of clit?
. Proximal | . 2 crura
62
Crura of clit
. Proximal portions fo corpora cavernosa . Attach to ischiopubic rami . R/L crura unite to form body and glans of clit at pubic symphysis
63
Bulbs of vestibule in vulva
. 2, pear-shaped erectile bodies . Lat. to vestibule and vaginal opening . Attach to inf. Surface of perineal membrane . Constrict vaginal. Orifice when engorged
64
Superficial perineal mm.
. Innervated by branches of deep perineal n. . Bulbospongiosus mm. . Ischiocavernosus m. . Superficial transverse perineal m.
65
Bulbospongiosus mm. OIA In males
. Paired muscles that envelope bulb of penis O: perineal body and midline raphe of ventral surface of bulb I: perineal membrane and fascia of corpora spongiosum and cavernosa A: aid in expulsion of semen/urine, help maintain erection by restricting vv.
66
Bulbospongiosus mm. OIA In females
. Paired mm. That envelope ipsilateral bulb of vestibule and greater vestibular gland O: perineal body I: pubic arch, fascia fo body of clit A: assist in clit erection, compress greater vestibular glands and constrict vaginal opening
67
Ischocavernosus m. OIA
. Paired muscles enveloping crura O: ischiopubic ramus I: crura and perineal membrane A: maintains erection by compressing crura and restricting vv.
68
Superficial transverse perineal m. OIA
. Paired mm. That course parallel and superficial to post. Border of perineal membrane O: ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities I: perineal body A: stabilize pelvic floor and perineal body
69
Greater vestibular glands
. Mucus-excreting glands lat. to vaginal vestibule . At post. Ends of vestibular bulbs . Provides lubrication to vaginal orifice
70
Episiotomy
. Enlarges vaginal orifice | . Incision through perineal skin and mm. Through post. Vaginal wall
71
Perineal lacerations
. Occur during childbirth | . Can damage perineal body and external anal sphincter
72
Bartholin cyst
. Ducts of greater vestibular glands may become obstructed . Cause fluid swelling . Small cysts resolve on their own . Larger cysts are drained
73
Extravasation of urine
. Injury ruptures spongy urethra and tear Buck fascia . Passage of urine into superficial perineal pouch . Blood/urine may accumulate around penis or lower abdominal wall deep to scarpa’s fascia . Usually looks butterfly shaped around penis . Won’t pass into thighs because Colles fascia fuses to fascia lata . Fluid can’t pass into anal triangle because Colles fascia fuses w/ post. Edge of perineal membrane
74
Deep perineal mm.
. Innervated by deep perineal mm. . Deep transverse perineal mm. . External urethral sphincter m.
75
Deep transverse perineal mm. OIA
. Paired mm. That course parallel and deep to post. Border of perineal membrane O: ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosity I: perineal body and external anal sphincter A: stabilize pelvic floor and perineal body
76
External urethral sphincter m. In males
. Voluntary sphincter composed of striated m. . Inf. Fibers encircle membraneous urethra and attach to ischiopubic rami (also called compressor urethrae m.) . sup. Fibers extend sup. To neck of bladder spanning ant. Prostate gland and prostatic urethra
77
External urethral sphincter m. In females
. Compound urogenital sphincter w/ Several components . Upper fibers encircle proximal urethra forming external urethral sphincter proper . Lower fibers encircle urethra and vagina (sphincter urethrovaginalis) and anchor the urethra to ischiopubic rami (compressor urethrae m.)
78
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
. Produce pre-cum . Lat. to membranous urethra w/in deep perineal pouch . Ducts penetrate perineal membrane and bulb to empty into spongy urethra
79
Anterior recesses of ischioanal fossae
. Bilateral projections of ischioanal fat into UG triangle sup. To perineal membrane and post. UG diaphragm
80
Pathway of pudendal n. And internal pudendal n. To reach perineum
. Exit pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and course lat. to ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament . Turn med. through lesser sciatic foramen to enter pudendal canal w/in lat. wall of ischioanal fossa . Courses ant. W/in canal giving off branches that pierce fascial walls of canal to reach targets
81
Pudendal nerve
. S2-4 | . Provide motor and sensory innervation to perineal structures
82
Inferior rectal (anal) n.
. Crosses ischioanal fossa to arch anal canal . Motor innervation to external anal sphincter and levator ani m. . Sensory from perianal skin and anal canal inf. To pectinate line
83
Inferior rectal n. Damage causes ____
Damage results in loss of sensation in anal orifice and fecal incontinence
84
Perineal n.
. Supplies structures w/in superficial and deep perineal pouches . Superficial perineal n. Gives rise to post. Scrotal/labial nn. Innervation skin of central perineum . Deep perineal n. Innervates all skeletal muscles of UG triangle, provide sensory to vaginal vestibule, lower vagina, and urethra
85
Dorsal n. Of penis/clit
. Sensory from distal penis/clit . Courses ant. W/in deep perineal pouch sup. To perineal membrane . Accompanied by internal pudendal a. Then by terminal branch (dorsal a. Of penis/clit) . Pierces perineal membrane and courses ant. On dorsal surface of body of penis/clit
86
Anterior scrotal/Labial nn.
. Branches of ilioinguinal nn. And genital branch of genitofemoral nn. . Convey sensory from ant. Scrotum/vulva
87
Perineal branch of post. Femoral cutaneous n.
. Supplies skin of posterolateral perineum
88
Internal pudendal artery
. Main blood supply of perineum . From internal iliac a. (Ant. Division) and courses w. Pudendal m. . Passes sup. To perineal membrane, causes ant. W/in deep perineal pouch . Terminates by dividing into deep and dorsal aa. Of penis/clit . W/in deep pouch it accompanies dorsal n. Of penis/clit
89
Branches of internal pudendal artery
``` . Inf. Rectal a. . Perineal a. . Artery to bulb of penis/vestibule (pierces perineal membrane to enter bulb) . Deep a. Of penis/clit . Dorsal a. Of penis/clit ```
90
Inf. Rectal artery
. Supplies external anal sphincter . Mucosa of anal canal inf. To pectinate line . Skin of anal triangle
91
Perineal artery
. Gives off muscular branches then terminate as post. Scrotal/labial aa.
92
Deep artery of penis/ clit
. Enters crus of corpus cavernosum | . Continues into body of penis/clit
93
Dorsal artery of penis/clit
. Main arterial supply to distal penis/clit . Courses ant. On dorsal surface of corpus cavernosum btw tunica albuginea and deep penile/clitoral fascia . Medal to dorsal n. And lat. to deep dorsal vein
94
External pudendal artery
. Arises Rome emoral a. In femoral triangle | . Supplies body wall structures of ant. Urogenital region
95
Venous drainage of perineum
. Internal pudendal v. . Deep dorsal v. Of penis/clit . Superficial dorsal v. Of penis/clit
96
Internal pudendal v. And branches
. Drains most of perineum to internal iliac v. . Tributaries follow course of internal pudendal a. And branches . Inf. Rectal v.: drains internal rectal venous plexus inf. To pectinate lines and perianal skin . Perineal v: receives post. Scrotal/labial vv. And other venae comitantes of internal pudendal a. Branches
97
Deep dorsal v. Of. Penis/clit
. Unpaired vessel draining cavernous spaces of erectile tissues . Courses inf. To pubic symphysis and drains to prostatic (male) or vesicular (female) venous plexus . Drains into internal iliac v.
98
Superficial dorsal v. Of penis/clit
. Paired vessels (R/L) . Drain into external pudendal vv. . Btw superficial and deep fascia of penis/clit . Courses in plane btw superficial fascia (dartos in males) and. Deep fascia of penis/clit
99
Order of neurovasculature of penis/clit from superficial to deep
``` . Right dorsal n. . Right dorsal a. . Deep dorsal v. . Right dorsal a. . Right dorsal n. ```
100
Lymphatic drainage of perineum in male
. Lymph from scrotum and skin of penis drains to superficial inguinal lymph nodes . Glans and distal urethra drain to deep inguinal lymph nodes . Erectile bodies and prox. Urethra drain to internal iliac nodes w/in pelvis
101
Lymphatic drainage of perineum in females
. Lymph drains to superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes in femoral triangle . Urethra, gland of clit, and ant. Labia minora drain to internal iliac nodes w/in pelvis
102
Innervation coordinating erection
. Parasympathetic dilates penis/clit aa. And relaxes smooth muscle in venous sinuses of erectile bodies . Blood flows into sinusoids producing erection . Pressure from inc. blood volume produces spinal reflex (via. Pudendal n.) that causes reflexive contractions of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus mm. (Impede venous drainage)
103
Innervation coordination of emission
. Sympathetic causes peristalsis of reproductive ducts and accessory sex glands . Seminal fluid (male) or vaginal and glandular secretions (female) release
104
Innervation coordination of ejaculation
. Sympathetic constricts internal urethral sphincter m. . Spinal reflex (via pudendal n.) produces rhythmic contractions of somatic pelvic mm. . Rhythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus m. Propel semen through urethra
105
Innervation coordination of remission
. Sympathetic produces vasoconstriction . Relaxes bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus mm. . Allows blood to drain from erectile tissues
106
Obturator fascia
. Invests pelvic and perineal surfaces of obturator internus m.
107
Tendinous arch (Argus tendineus) of pelvic fascia
. Fascial bands running from pubis to sacrum bilaterally | . Flanks viscera where they penetrate pelvic floor

Anatomy (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions