Circulatory System Overview

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

. Transports blood throughout body

Question 2

Lymphatic system

Answer 2

. Transports lymph from the body’s tissues to venous system

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

. Build up of cholesterol plaques in arteries
. Form of arteriosclerosis
. Lead to thrombus that can occlude artery or enter bloodstream to block smaller vessels (embolus)

Question 4

Aneurysm

Answer 4

Bulging of arterial walls

Question 5

Aortic dissection

Answer 5

Tearing of vessel wall w/ blood flowing between layers of vessel

Question 6

Varicose veins

Answer 6

Bulging of venous walls

Question 7

Thrombosis

Answer 7

Formation of blood clots

Question 8

Layers of arteries and veins

Answer 8

. tunica intima: innermost endothelium
. Tunica media: intermediate smooth muscle layer w/ collagen and elastic fibers
. Tunica adventitia: outermost CT layer

Question 9

Large arteries

Answer 9

. Directly receive cardiac output are have v high pressure

. High collagen and numbers of elastic filaments in tunica media allow it to stretch w/ cardiac output

Question 10

Medium arteries

Answer 10

. Muscular/distributing aa.
. Smaller vessels that draw blood from elastic arteries
. Able to vasoconstriction regulating blood flow to different regions

Question 11

Small arteries

Answer 11

. Narrow lumen w/ thicker walls

. Distribute blood to arterioles

Question 12

Arterioles

Answer 12

. Regulate blood flow into capillary beds by constricting or dilating
. Not named

Question 13

Anastomoses

Answer 13

. Connections between multiple arterial branches that provide potential detours for blood flow more distal in case normal pathways are interrupted (collateral circulation)

Question 14

Terminal arteries

Answer 14

. Don’t anastomose w/ anything

. Only supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue

Question 15

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 15

Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Question 16

Veins compared with arteries in blood volume

Answer 16

. Veins more numerous and variable than arteries
. 60-80% blood volume in veins
. Larger lumina and thinner walls

Question 17

Venae comitantes (accompanying veins)

Answer 17

. 2+ veins with single artery that form branching network around artery
. Arrangement plus gravity and extrinsic muscular contractions propel venous blood forward (arteriovenous pump)

Question 18

Venues

Answer 18

Smallest veins that drain capillary beds (unnamed)

Question 19

Small and medium veins

Answer 19

. Drain venous plexuses and accompany medium arteries

. Medium located in limbs w/ venous valves

Question 20

Large veins

Answer 20

. Receive blood from medium veins
. Valves variable
. 1 large vein per 1 large artery

Question 21

Blood capillaries

Answer 21

. Arranged I capillary beds w/in tissue
. Site of gas and nutrient exchange btw blood vessels and body tissues
. Composed of single layer endothelium
. Blood capillaries connect arterioles and venules

Question 22

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA)

Answer 22

. Direct connections btw arterioles and venules in some regions
. Blood bypasses capillaries to pass directly from arterial to venous circulation
. also called shunts, popular in skin o conserve body heat

Question 23

Portal venous system

Answer 23

. Links 2 capillary beds so blood passes through 2 capillary beds before returning to heart

Question 24

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 24

. Low O2 blood returns from system circulation to RA -> RV -> pulmonary arteries to lungs -> pulmonary vein -> LA

Question 25

Systemic circulation

Answer 25

. High O2 blood in LA -> LV -> aorta -> body -> returned to heart via vena cavas

Question 26

Head and brain aortic subdivision

Answer 26

Aortic arch

Question 27

Head and brain large arteries

Answer 27

Brachiocephalic trunks -> common carotid aa. And vertebral artery

Question 28

Upper limbs aortic subdivision

Answer 28

Aortic arch

Question 29

Upper limbs large arteries

Answer 29

Brachiocephalic trunk (right side only)

Question 30

Upper limbs medium arteries

Answer 30

Subclavian aa -> axillary aa. | L. Side

Question 31

Heart aortic subdivision

Answer 31

. Ascending aorta

Question 32

Pelvic organs aortic subdivision

Answer 32

Abdominal aorta

Question 33

Pelvic organs large arteries

Answer 33

. Common iliac aa.

Question 34

Lower limbs aortic subdivision

Answer 34

Abdominal aorta

Question 35

Lower limb large arteries

Answer 35

Common iliac aa.

Question 36

Head and brain tributaries of the ___

Answer 36

Internal jugular via.

Question 37

Head and brain medium vein and canal subdivision

Answer 37

. Brachiocephalic via. | . Sup. Vena cava

Question 38

Upper limbs tributaries of the ___

Answer 38

Subclavian vv.

Question 39

Upper limb medium vein and canal subdivision

Answer 39

. Brachiocephalic vv | . Sup. Vena cava

Question 40

Pelvis organs tributaries of the ____

Answer 40

Internal iliac v.

Question 41

Pelvic organs medium vein and canal subdivision

Answer 41

. Common iliac vv. | . Inf. Vena cava

Question 42

Lower limbs tributaries of the ____

Answer 42

External iliac vv.

Question 43

Lower limbs medium vein and canal subdivisions

Answer 43

Common iliac vv | Inf. Vena cava

Question 44

Function of lymphatic system

Answer 44

. Forms accessory pathway to return excess interstitial fluid (lymph) and proteins from body’s tissues to venous circulation

Question 45

How many liters of lymph are returned to cardiovascular system per day?

Answer 45

3 liters

Question 46

Lymph nodes

Answer 46

. House immune response cells

Question 47

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 47

. Blind-ended | . Drain lymph from extracellular spaces of tissues except CNS, meninges, marrow, and avascular tissues

Question 48

Lacteals

Answer 48

. Lymphatic capillaries in small intestine | . Drains chyle (lymph w/ digested fats from GI)

Question 49

Lymphatic collecting vessels

Answer 49

. Superficial vessels drain into deep lymph vessels that accompany arteries . Deep vessels drain internal organs . Have thin walls and large number of internal valves to keep lymph flow unidirectional

Question 50

Lymph trunks

Answer 50

. Converging lymph vessels that drain major body areas

Question 51

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct location

Answer 51

. Occurs when lymph trunks unite and join the venous system near heart

Question 52

Thoracic duct

Answer 52

. Drains lymph into venous system at junction of L subclavian and L. Internal jugular veins . Receives lymph from lower limbs, pelvic walls, abdominal and pelvic walls, abdominal and pelvic organs, and L. Thoracic wall

Question 53

Cisterna chyli

Answer 53

. Dilated sac at inf. End of thoracic duct inf. To thoracoabdominal diaphragm . Receives fatty chyle from intestines and liver to act as conduit for lipid products of digestion

Question 54

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 54

. Drains lymph into venous system at junction of the R. Internal jugular and R. Subclavian vein . Receives lymph from upper right quadrant of body ( R. Side of head/neck, R. Thorax, an R. Upper limb)

Question 55

Major lymph node clusters

Answer 55

``` . Head and neck . Tracheal . Axillary . Deep nodes along aorta . Inguinal and femoral ```

Question 56

Head and neck node characteristics

Answer 56

. Superficial and deep horizontal rings around base of head . Superficial cervical (along external jugular veins) and deep cervical (along internal jugular veins) chains on either side of neck . Drain directly or indirectly into deep cervical nodes

Question 57

T/F Lymph is under high pressure

Answer 57

F, under low pressure

Question 58

Intrinsic contractions

Answer 58

. When vessel between 2 successive valves fills w/ lymph, smooth muscle of vessel contracts and prox. Valve opens so lymph flows to next segment . Results in each segment of lymph vessel acting like pump between successive valves

Question 59

Extrinsic contractions

Answer 59

. Contraction of surrounding muscles, arterial pulsation, and compression of tissues by outside forces compress/pump lymph vessels

Question 60

Lymphedema

Answer 60

. Accumulation of lymph in interstitial spaces that initiates inflammatory rxn causing fibrosis and degeneration of CT . Can occur from abnormal vessel development, trauma, surgery, radiation