Vertebral Column & Thoracic Wall Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Components of vertebral column
A
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (about 5 fused), coccyx (3-4 fused)
2
Q
Curvatures of spine and direction they curve in
A
2 primary (concave) and 2 secondary (convex)
3
Q
Is first curvature primary or secondary?
A
secondary
4
Q
lamina
A
separates traverse from spinous process
5
Q
How do vertebrae create motion?
A
joints between articular processes
6
Q
Cervical zygapophysial joint
A
sloped from anterior to posterior
7
Q
Motions from cervical vertebrae
A
rotation, flexion, and extension
8
Q
Thoracic zygapophysial joint direction and motion
A
vertical for rotation, flexion, and extension
9
Q
lumbar zygapophysial joint
A
processes of vertebrae below are wrapping around processes of vertebrae above
10
Q
What is the lumbar zygapophysial joint important for?
A
Stability
11
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
Triangular shaped vertebral canal with small, short vertebral body w delicate arches, Foramen transversarium
Bifurcated spinous process
12
Q
Foramen transversarium
A
Provides place for vertebral artery to move down only cervical vertebrae
13
Q
Atlas
A
C1
14
Q
Axis
A
C2
15
Q
Axis shape and function
A
50% of rotation in neck from specialized vertebral body (dens) shaped like a tooth, hardly any traverse processes
16
Q
thoracic vertebrae
A
Round vertebral foramen, heart-shaped vertebral body, extra articulations for rib and vertebrae (costovertebral joints), spinous processes long, flat, & angled inferiorly
17
Q
lumbar vertebrae
A
small triangular foramen and large kidney-shaped body, stocky posteriorly projecting spinous processes, mammillary & accessory process
18
Q
Zygapophysial joint
A
Flat synovial plane joint that connects
sup & inf facets of adjacent vertebrae, allows gliding spinal motion, but articular process orientation aid or limit movement
19
Q
intervertebral discs/joints
A
Solid joint symphyses that connects adjacent vertebrae and shock absorption
20
Q
parts of intervertebral discs
A
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
21
Q
Annulus fibrosus structure and functon
A
Ring of fibrocartilage inserts on rim of vertebral bodies, Limit rotation between adjacent vertebrae
22
Q
nucleus pulposus structure and functon
A
Gelatinous center, absorbs compression forces, semi-fluid ball bearing; avascular
23
Q
spinal ligaments and location
A
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum nuchae
24
Q
anterior vertebral ligament and function
A
courses along ant. vertebral bodies from skull base to sacrum, prevents hyperextension of vertebral column
25
Posterior vertebral ligament
courses along post. vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum, prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column, smaller than anterior longitudinal ligament
26
Supraspinous ligament and function
connects adjacent vertebral spines, resists flexion in head
27
ligamentum nuchae and function
thickened extension of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in cervical region, resists flexion in head
28
interspinous ligament and function
between adjacent spinous processes and blends with suprapsinous ligament and ligamentum flava, limits flexion
29
vertebral column functions
. Maintains erect posture and aids in locomotion
. Supports head, trunk, limbs
. Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
30
typical structure of vertebrae
body, vertebral arch, 7 processes, sup/inf vertebral notches, intervertebral foramina
31
body of vertebrae
also called centrum, weight bearing portion, covered by hyaline c.
32
vertebral arch
also called neural arch, 2 pedicles & 2 laminae surrounding vertebral foramen
33
muscle attachment sites in typical vertebrae
2 transverse process projecting laterally and 1 spinal process projects post/inferiorly
34
articular process in typical vertebrae
sup & inf articular processes (zygapophyses) w facets for processes adjacent vertebrae articulate w one another at zygapophysial joints
35
what determines direction and movement of zygapophysial joints?
orientation of articular processes
36
sup & inf vertebral notches in typical vertebrae
indentations formed between projection of vertebral body & articular processes sup & inf to pedicles
37
intervertebral foramina in typical vertebrae
lateral openings that form between sup & inf vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
38
what do intervertebral foramina house?
spinal nerve roots or dorsal root ganglia & vessels
39
cervical vertebrae body
Superior surface of body: concave from side-to-side w uncus
Inferior surface of body is convex from side-to-side.
40
uncus
superiorly projecting lateral margins on vertebral body of cervical vertebrae
41
where do facets face on thoracic vertebrae
sup articular facets face posteriorly, inf facets face anteriorly
42
costal hemifacets
small articular surfaces on lar. side of T2-9 (2 at each joint w rib head)
43
costal facets
large articular surfaces on lat. side of T1 and T10-12 (1 facet per joint)
44
mammillary process
located on sup. articular process on lumbar vertebrae, attachment for multifidus
45
accessory process
located between mammillary and transverse processes on lumber vertebrae, attachment for longissimus
46
sacral vertebrae
base, apex directed inf. to articulate w L5, apex directed inf. to articulate w coccyx, 4 pairs of dorsal & ventral foramina, median sacral crest, auricular surface
47
sacral promontory
ventral projection of sacral base
48
what do dorsal and ventral sacral foramina do?
transmit dorsal & ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
49
median sacral crest and how is it formed?
dorsal midline crest formed from fused spinous processes of S1-S3/4
50
sacral canal and where does it end
vertebral canal through sacrum ends at sacral hiatus
51
what is sacral hiatus site for?
injecting extradural anesthesia
52
auricular surface
on sacru,, ear-shaped lat. surface contributes to sacroiliac joint
53
coccygeal vertebrae formation
result of fusion of 4 rudimentary tail vertebrae
54
how much length of spinal column is from discs?
1/4 of total length
55
Is there a disc between C1 and C2?
NO
56
caniovertebral joints
formed between skull and C1 & C2
57
ligamenta flava
paired ligaments joining laminae of adjacent vertebrae on post. wall of vertebral canal
58
ligamenta flava function
contributes to post. boundary of intervertebral foramina, elastic fibers aid in recoil from ant. flexion and maintaining upright posture
59
where are cervical z-joints located and how large are discs?
horizontal plane & intervertebral discs are large relative to bodies
60
where are thoracic z-joint, how large are discs and why?
coronal plane to allow rotation, discs thin compared to bodies
61
why are flexion and extension limited in thoracic spine?
attachments to rib cage
62
where are lumbar z-joints located and how large are discs and why?
sagittal plane for flexion, extension, &lat. flexion, discs large to limit rotation
63
parts of thoracic skeleton
thoracic vertebrae, ribs and costal cartilages, and sternum
64
thoracic skeleton function
rigid yet flexible cage that protects thoracic & abdominal viscera, supports weight of upper limbs, provides muscle attachments, & aids in respiration
65
typical rib components
head, neck, tubercle, & body
66
rib head
two facets that articulate w same-numbered & sup. adjacent vertebral bodies at the joint of the head of the rib
67
rib neck
joins head and body
68
rib tubercle location and function
junction of neck & body and has an articular part to articulate w transverse process of same-numbered vertebrae at costotransverse joint.
69
rib body characteristics
thin, flattened portion, most curved at angle of the rib, costal groove along inferior margin
70
costal groove function
transmits the intercostal nerve and vessels, on inferior inner side of rib body
71
where does rib body attach to costal cartilage?
costochondral junction.
72
atypical ribs
1, 10-12
73
rib 1 characteristics
short and flattened w the most curvature, superior surface has grooves for the subclavian vessels, articulates w T1 only
74
ribs 10-12 characteristics
articulate w only the same-numbered vertebral body or pedicle
75
do ribs 11-12 have neck and tubercle?
NO
76
true ribs
Ribs 1-7 attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages
77
false ribs
Ribs 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage of the next sup. rib
78
floating ribs
Ribs 11-12: short w rudimentary cartilages w no attachment to sternum, terminate in abdominal wall musculature
79
sternum components
manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process
80
sternal angle
junction of the manubrium & sternum (manubriosternal joint); palpable surface landmark located between the 2nd pairs of costal cartilages at T4/T5
81
costal notches
sites of articulation w costal cartilages, located along lat margins of sternal body
82
costovertebral joints
synovial plane joints, joint of head of rib forms btw rib head & hemifacets on bodies of same-numbered and sup. thoracic vertebrae
83
costotransverse joint
forms between the rib tubercle and transverse costal facet of transverse process of same-numbered vertebra (T1-T10 levels)
84
sternocostal joints
formed between medial ends of the costal cartilages 1-7 and sternum
85
which sternocostal joint is synchdrosis?
1st
86
which sternocostal joints are synovial plane joints?
2-7
87
costochondral joints characteristics
synchondrosis joints formed between each rib and its corresponding costal cartilage; no movements
88
interchondral joints
synovial plane joints formed between costal cartilages of ribs 6-10
89
manubriosternal joint
symphysis formed between the manubrium and sternal body
90
xiphisternal joint
synchondrosis between xiphoid process and sternal body
91
thoracic cage spaces
sup. thoracic aperture, inf. thoracic aperture, intercostal spaces
92
sup. thoracic aperture
sup. boundary of thoracic cavity formed by T1 vertebra, first ribs and manubrium.
93
sup. thoracic aperture function
transmits major vessels and other soft tissue structures btw thoracic cavity, neck & upper limb.
94
inf. thoracic aperture
Formed by T12 vertebra, ribs 11-2 and their cartilages, the costal margin (costal cartilages 6-10), & xiphoid process
95
inf. thoracic aperture function
attachments for the muscular thoracoabdominal diaphragm
96
thoracoabdominal diaphragm function
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
97
intercostal spaces
Spaces between adjacent ribs/cartilages that extend from vertebral column posteriorly to sternum ant.
98
how are intercostal spaces numbered?
sequentially sup. to inf. beginning w first intercostal space between ribs 1 and 2
99
subcostal space
inf. to rib 12
100
what do intercostal spaces contain?
intercostal muscles, nerves, and vessels
101
intercostal muscles
external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal,
102
where do intercostal muscles attach?
attach along inf. border of sup. rib and sup. border of the next lower rib
103
what are intercostal muscles supplied by?
intercostal nn. and ant. and post. intercostal aa.
104
external intercostal mm.
most superficial of the intercostal group; muscle fibers are replaced anteriorly by membrane
105
external intercostal mm fiber orientation
inferiorly and anteriorly (\\\ ///) (hands in pockets).
106
external intercostal mm. action
elevates ribs
107
internal intercostal mm. location
Just deep to the external intercostals, muscle replaced posteriorly by a membrane.
108
internal intercostal mm. fiber orientation
oriented inferiorly and posteriorly (/// \\\).
109
internal intercostal mm. action
depresses ribs
110
innermost intercostal mm. location
deepest layer; present only in the most lateral parts of the intercostal spaces
111
innermost intercostal mm. fiber orientation
oriented inferiorly and posteriorly (/// \\\).
112
innermost intercostal mm. action
depresses ribs
113
subcostal m. OIA
O: Internal surface of inferiormost ribs, near their angles
I: fibers course inferior and posterior to insert on sup. borders of 2nd or 3rd rib below
A: Depresses ribs
114
Transversus thoracis muscle OIA
O: post. surface of inf. sternum and xiphoid process
I: fibers course sup. & lateral to insert on internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6, spans 2-3 intercostal spaces per muscle
A: Depresses ribs
115
intercostal nerves
ventral rami of T1-11 spinal nerves
116
subcostal nerve
T12 ventral ramus
117
intercostal nerve pathway
nerves enter same-numbered intercostal space & go laterally btw parietal pleura & membranous part of internal intercostal mm.
At costal angle, nerve enters costal groove and goes ant. btw internal and innermost intercostal mm.
118
branches of intercostal nerve
lateral and ant. cutaneous n., branches to intercostal, subcostal, transversus thoracis, & serratus post. mm
119
lat. cutaneous n. location
at midaxillary line, it leaves intercostal space & divides into the ant. & post. branches
120
ant. cutaneous n. location
exits the intercostal space just lateral to the sternum
121
what nerves enter and supply abdominal wall from thoracic wall?
nn. 7-11 and the subcostal n. after giving rise to lat. branches
122
intercostal arteries come from what branches?
anastomosing branches from thoracic aorta & internal thoracic artery
123
post. intercostal aa. location
enter intercostal spaces lateral to the vertebral column.
124
lateral cutaneous a.
branches course with the lateral cutaneous nerves.
125
what do post. intercostal aa. 1-2 arise from?
costocervical branch of the subclavian artery.
126
what do post. intercostal aa. 3-11 branch from?
directly from the thoracic aorta
127
what is internal thoracic a. a branch from?
subclavian a.
128
internal thoracic a. location
descends lat. to sternum btw transversus thoracis mm. and ant. thoracic wall
129
anterior intercostal aa.
arise directly from internal thoracic a., goes posteriorly to anastomose w the corresponding post. intercostal a.
130
anterior perforating branches
emerge lat. to sternum & contribute to vasculature of chest & breast
131
where does the internal thoracic a. divide and into what arteries?
6th costal cartilage into sup. epigastric (to abdominal wall) and musculophrenic a.
132
intercostal veins
Anterior and posterior intercostal veins
133
Anterior and posterior intercostal veins pathway
course immediately sup. to corresponding artery & nerve in intercostal spaces
134
order of artery, vein and nerve in bundles
VAN, superior to inferior
135
where does the venous blood from thoracic wall drain to?
sup. vena cava via internal thoracic vein & azygos venous system
136
thoracic wall function
Coordinated movements btw thoracic wall & thoracoabdominal diaphragm increase intrathoracic dimensions (volume) which reduces pressure in lungs & allows lungs to inflate
137
what does contraction of thoracoabdominal diaphragm do?
causes it to descend/flatten which increases vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity.
138
what does rib elevation do?
(bucket-handle action) increases the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
139
what does sternum elevation do?
Sternum elevation (pump-handle action) increases the anterior-posterior dimensions
140
how does quiet inspiration occur?
primarily by contraction and descent of thoracoabdominal diaphragm
External intercostal mm. assist w rib elevation & stiffen intercostal spaces
141
how does quiet expiration occur?
passive recoil of lung tissues and thoracic wall as the diaphragm relaxes and ascends.
142
how does active inspiration occur?
assisted by accessory muscles of respiration that forcefully elevate the sternum and ribs
143
muscles involve in active inspiration
levatores costarum, serratus, pectoral muscles, sternocleidomastoid & scalene muscles in neck.
144
how does active expiration occur?
assisted by abdominal wall muscles whose contractions increase intra-abdominal & intra-thoracic pressure & depress the lower ribs (belly breathing).
145
Why are primary curvatures in spine considered primary?
You have had them since you were a fetus, curve due to uneven size of vertebrae, secondary has the same size vertebrae ant. And post.
146
Atlas shape and function
. Hold head weight, no spinous processes only tubercle, small transverse process, no vertebral body
147
What angle are cervical spine facets oriented?
45 degrees from horizontal plane to allow for all movements
148
How are facets oriented in thoracic spine?
. Oriented in coronal plane to allow rotation but limits lateral flexion
149
Where are facets oriented in lumbar spine?
. Medically and laterally nearly in Sagittarius plane
| . Limited rotation, but has flexion and extension and lateral flexion
150
External intercostal membrane
Replaces external intercostal mm. Anteriorly to sternum
151
Internal intercostal membrane
Replaces internal intercostal mm. Posteriorly towards vertebral column
