Anatomical Terminology & Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
coronal (frontal) plane
A
vertical plane that divides the specimen into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) portions.
2
Q
what is coronal plane paired with?
A
anteroposterior (AP) axis
3
Q
transverse (horizontal plane)
A
horizontal plane that divides a specimen into
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
4
Q
what is transverse plane paired with?
A
longitudinal axis
5
Q
median/midsagittal plane
A
divides the specimen into equal right and
left halves
6
Q
what is midsagittal plane paired with?
A
transverse axis
7
Q
sagittal plane (parasagittal)
A
vertical plane that is parallel to the medial
plane and divides a specimen into unequal right and left portions
8
Q
what is sagittal plane paired with?
A
transverse axis
9
Q
oblique plane
A
divide a body or structure at an angle
10
Q
superficial
A
Closer to the surface
11
Q
deep
A
farther from the surface
12
Q
medial
A
Closer to the median plane
13
Q
lateral
A
farther from the median plane
14
Q
superior (cranial)
A
closer to head
15
Q
inferior (caudal)
A
closer to feet/tail
16
Q
anterior
A
closer to front of body
17
Q
posterior
A
closer to back of body
18
Q
proximal
A
closer to point of origin/trunk
19
Q
distal
A
farther from point of origin/trunk
20
Q
central
A
close to center
21
Q
peripheral
A
away from center
22
Q
bilateral
A
on both sides of body
23
Q
unilateral
A
on only one side of body
24
Q
ipsilateral
A
on same side
25
contralateral
on opposite sides of body
26
what is most movement result from?
muscles acting across joints
27
how are movements described?
relative to axes around which that part of body moves and the plane in which movement takes place
28
flexion
Decreasing the
angle b/t body parts
(bending)
29
extension
Increasing the
angle b/t body parts
(straightening)
30
flexion & extension axis and plane of movement
Occur around a transverse
| axis in a sagittal plane
31
abduction
moving away from medial plane
32
adduction
moving toward medial plane
33
ab/adduction axis and plane of movement
Occur around an AP axis in a
| coronal plane
34
rotation
Turning or revolving a body part about its long axis
35
medial (internal) rotation
Brings the anterior surface of
a limb closer to the median
plane
36
lateral (external) rotation
Brings the anterior surface of
the limb away from the
median plane
37
medial & external rotation axis and plane of movement
Occur around a longitudinal
| axis in a transverse plane
38
circumduction
A circular movement that combines flexion,
| extension, abduction, and adduction
39
circumduction axis and plane of movement
Multiple axes and planes are
| involved
40
pronation
Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces posteriorly
41
supination
Rotation of the
hand and forearm so that the
palm faces anteriorly
42
pro/supination axis
Occur around a longitudinal
| axis
43
inversion
Moves the sole of
the foot toward the median
plane
44
eversion
Moves the sole of
the foot away from the
median plane
45
protraction
anterior movement of a structure
46
retraction
posterior movement of structure
47
elevation
raises or moves a part superiorly
48
depression
lowers or moves part inferiorly
49
features shared between all vertebrates
Tube-within-a-tube organization, bilateral symmetry, spinal cord from dorsal hollow neural tube associated with vertebral column, segmentation, pharyngeal apparatus
50
tube within a tube organization
gut tube internal to an outer body wall
51
parietal and somatic refer to what relationship?
closer to body wall than organs
52
visceral and splanchnic refer to what relationship?
closer to organs than body wall (gut tube)
53
segmentation
Serial repetition of structures or body segments
54
pharyngeal apparatus
transient apparatus that gives rise to the pharynx and other cranial and cervical structures
55
skeletal (striated) muscle functions
phasic and tonic contractions, generate heat during contraction, contractions propel venous blood toward heart
56
phasic contractions
occurs in phases, of skeletal muscle fibers attached to bones via tendons produces movement of the skeleton.
57
tonic contraction
continuous, maintains posture and supports organs
58
what does muscle consist of?
muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
| sheaths surrounding the muscle fibers and connecting the muscle to bone
59
fascicles
muscle fiber bundles
60
epimysium
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
61
muscles heads/bellies
contractile, fleshy portions
62
how do muscles attach to bone, cartilage, skin, or fascia?
directly via non-contractile
| tendons or via aponeuroses
63
aponeuroses
flat CT sheets
64
what does muscle fiber shape and orientation affect?
range of motion, direction of pull, and degree and direction of force it exerts.
65
origin
fixed end of muscle
66
insertion
mobile end of muscle
67
T/F muscles can have multiple insertions
F, muscles have multiple origin but not insertion
68
what do origin and insertion correspond with?
proximal and distal attachment
69
T/F skeletal muscles cannot push 2 structures farther than resting state
T
70
bone function
provide rigid, supporting body framework, protection, movement via muscle/ligaments, Ca & P storage, r/w cell production
71
main parts of skeleton
axial and appendicular
72
axial skeleton
consists of midline bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
73
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limb bones, plus the limb girdles (shoulder and hip complexes).
74
long bones
length is greater than the width, have a body (shaft or
| diaphysis) with a marrow cavity and two ends.
75
short bones
cuboid-shaped; only in the wrist and ankle
76
flat/squamous bones
two plates of compact
| (cortical) bone with spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone and marrow inbetween.
77
where are squamous bones found?
Flat bones are found in the skull, and include the ribs, sternum, and scapula
78
irregular bones and where are they found
various other shapes; they include all other skull bones that are not flat bones; i.e., vertebrae and hipbones
79
sesamoid bones
develop in tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of
long bones in the limbs (e.g. patella)
80
sesamoid bone function
protect the tendons from excessive wear, change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments.
81
where do bony markings appear?
where tendons, ligaments, and fascia attach to bone,
| joints, or where vessels lie adjacent to/enter bones
82
elevations and prominences in bones
crest/line/ridge, process/trochanter/tuberosity, protuberance/spine/tubercle, or spinous process
83
crest, line, ridge
linear elevations
84
process, trochanter, tuberiosity
larger elevations
85
protuberance, spine, tubercle
smaller elevations
86
spinous process
spine-like projection
87
depressed areas in bone
cavity/fossa, grooves/sulci, and notch
88
cavity, fossa
large-area depressions
89
grooves, sulci
elongated depressions
90
notch
small indentation
91
foramen
hole in bone or notch bridged by a ligament
92
articular surfaces in bone
facet/demifacet/hemifacet, condyle
93
facet, hemifacet, demifacet
small, flat surfaces
94
condyle
rounded projection
95
openings and holes in bones
foramen, canal, meatus
96
canal
passage through a bone with an exit
97
meatus
passage into a bone with no exit (dead-end)
98
types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, ad fibro
99
hyaline cartilage and what does it form
smooth cartilage that covers articular (joint) surfaces; also forms cartilaginous precursor to most bones (endochondral ossification)
100
elastic cartilage and what does it form
flexible cartilage; forms the ear lobe and external nose
101
fibrocartilage and what does it form
tough yet flexible; forms intervertebral discs and menisci of knee
102
fibrous joints
bones are connected by fibrous CT
103
sutures
fibrous joint in skull where Articulating bones of the face and cranial vault are
joined together by Sharpey’s fibers
104
how do sutures form?
wavy and
| overlapping lines and become rigid (fuse) by adulthood
105
how much movement in suture?
little to none
106
sharpey's fibers
collagen fibers that form sutures
107
fontanelles
wide areas of fibrous tissue located between bones in fetal and newborn skulls (“soft spots”).
108
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints where Articulating bones are united by hyaline or fibrous cartilage
109
how much movement in synchondroses?
limited
110
how do synchondroses form and examples?
between bones that have cartilaginous origins; i.e.,
| epiphyseal growth plates of long bones and the bones of the basicranium
111
synovial joints
most common type, permits greatest degree of movement
112
articular capsule
encloses synovial joint forming an internal joint cavity, has outer portion strengthened by intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments
113
inner surface of articular capsule
all non-articular surfaces are lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
114
what are articular surfaces in synovial joint covered with?
articular hyaline cartilage
115
where does articular hyaline cartilage get nutrients?
synovial fluid
116
articular discs
synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures unite articulating bones
and/or facilitate movement
117
fibrocartilaginous rings
synovial joint feature where fibrocartilage structures that deepen the articular
surfaces and increase stability located between the articular surfaces
118
example of articular disc
articular disc of temporomandibular joint
119
example of fibrocartilaginous rings
glenohumeral labrum
120
bursae
synovial fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between synovial joint capsules and overlying muscle tendons.
121
plane joint
Flat articular surfaces with tight joint capsules; limited gliding movements
122
plane joint example
Zygapophyseal joint
123
hinge joint
Uniaxial; flexion and extension; strong
| collateral ligaments limit lateral deviation
124
hinge joint example
elbow joint
125
pivot joint example
Proximal radioulnar joint
126
pivot joint
bony process rotates within
| an osseotendinous ring
127
saddle joint
Biaxial; reciprocal saddle-shapedsurfaces with high mobility in two planes Flexion/extension, ab/adduction
128
saddle joint example
Carpometacarpal joint
129
condyloid joint
Biaxial; flexion/extension, but limited ab/adduction; reinforced with strong collateral ligaments
130
condyloid joint example
Metacarpophalangeal joints
131
ball and socket joint
Multiaxial; spherical head rotates freely about all axes
132
ball and socket example
Glenohumeral & hip joints
133
types of fascia
superficial and deep
134
superficial fascia also called ___
subcutaneous tissue
135
superficial fascia
Loose CT located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
136
what does superficial fascia contain?
Loose CT between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
137
deep fascia
deep CT that covers most of the body deep to superficial fascia
138
investing fascia
Extensions of deep fascia that
invest/envelop deeper structures (individual
muscles & neurovascular bundles)
139
neurovascular bundles
nerves, arteries, and
veins supplying the same
structure and are enclosed in a fascial sheath
140
fascial compartments
investing fascia binds together groups of muscles w/ similar functions, blood & nerve supplies
141
retinacula
deep fascia thickenings that holds tendons in place near some joints
142
syndesmosis
expanse of fibrous tissue forming fibrous joints between 2 bones (bones side by side in leg)
143
Types of muscles
```
pennate
fusiform
parallel
convergent
circular
digastric
```
144
multi-pennate muscle and example
feather-like fascicle arrangement with uni/bi/multi movement (deltoid)
145
fusiform muscle and example
spindle-shaped w/ thick bellies and tapered ends (biceps)
146
parallel muscle and example
fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle, can have aponeuroses (sartorius)
147
convergent muscle and example
broad then fascicles converge to 1 tendon (pec major)
148
circular muscle and example
surround orifice (orbicularis around mouth)
149
digastric
2 bellies share tendon that goes between them `
150
bipennate muscle and example
feather-like fascicles angled toward each other(rectus femoris)
151
what is fascicle wrapped by?
perimysium
152
endomysium
between muscle fibers within fascicle
