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Leg Flashcards

1
Q

Tarsal bones and special features

A

. Talus: Trochlea (sup.) articulates w/ distal tibia and fibula, head (ant.) articulates w/ navicular
. Calcaneus: sustentaculum tail (med. Tamar shelf) that is attachment site for ligaments, inf. Groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon
. Navicular: tuberosity (med.) that is attachment site for ligaments
. Cuboid w/ inf. Sulcus for fibularis longus
. Med. cuneiform
. Intermediate cuneiform
. Lat. cuneiform

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2
Q

Base of 5th metatarsal has ____

A

Prominent tuberosity

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3
Q

Phalanges of foot

A

. 1st digit: prox. And distal

. 2-5: prox., intermediate (middle), and distal

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4
Q

Dorsi and plantarflexion occurs at what joint in leg?

A

Ankle joint

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5
Q

Inversion and version of foot occurs mainly at what joints?

A

. Subtalar
. Talocalcaneonavicular
. Inversion brings med. edge of foot sup. To lat edge (eversion is opposite)

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6
Q

Joint motion of the digits of foot

A

. Fl/extension occurs at ATP joint and all IP joints

. Ab/dduction occurs at MTP joints (moving towards or away axial line drawn through digit 2)

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7
Q

Anterior compartment of leg boundaries

A

. Ant. Side of interosseous membrane,
. lat. surface tibia,
. med. surface fibula,
. deep fascia of left

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8
Q

Muscle in ant. Compartment

A

. Tibialis ant.
. Extensor digitorum longus
. Extensor Hallicus longus
. Fibularis tertius

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9
Q

Anterior compartment of leg B and N

A

. B: ant. Tibial a.

. N: deep fibular (peroneal) n.

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10
Q

Lateral compartment of leg boundaries

A

. Lat. surface fibula
. Ant./ post. Intermuscular septa
. Deep fascia of leg

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11
Q

Lateral compartment of leg muscles

A

. Fibularis longus

. Fibularis brevis

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12
Q

Lateral compartment of leg B and N

A

. B: Perforating branches of fibular a.

. N: superficial fibular n.

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13
Q

Posterior compartment of leg boundaries

A 
. Post. Aspect interosseous membrane 
. Post. Surfaces of tibia and fibula 
. Post. Intermuscular septum 
. Deep fascia of leg 
. Superficial and deep groups determined by transverse intermuscularseptum
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14
Q

Muscular in superficial group of posterior compartment of leg

A

. Gastrocnemius
. Soleus
. Plantaris

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15
Q

Muscular in deep group of posterior compartment of leg

A

. Popliteus
. Flexor digitorum longus
. Flexor hallicus longus
. Tibialis posterior

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16
Q

Posterior compartment of leg N and B

A

N: tibial n.

. B: post. Tibial a.

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17
Q

Retinacula of leg

A

. Fibrous bands/thickening of crural fascia that binds tendons of leg muscles to prevent bow stringing

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18
Q

Extensor retinacula

A

. For tendons of muscles in ant. Compartment
. Sup. Extensor retinaculum: extends from tibia to fibula, prox. Top malleoli
. Inf. Extensor retinaculum: y-shaped band that extends from anterosup. Part fo calcaneous to med. malleolus and med. cuneiform

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19
Q

Fibular (peroneal) retinacula

A

. For tendons in muscles of lat. compartment of leg
. Sup. Fibular retinaculum: btw distal fibular and calcaneus
. Inf. Fibular retinaculum: continuous w/ inf. Extensor retinaculum to lat. surface of calcaneus

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20
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

. Forms canals for tendons from post. Compartment of leg

. Extends btw med. malleolus and calcaneus

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21
Q

Synovitis

A

. Infection of synovial sheaths covering Enron’s of foot
. Causes synovial membrane to thicken and impair smooth sliding of tendons
. Very painful

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22
Q

Tibialis ant. OIAN

A

O: superior part of tibia and interosseous membrane
I: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal (tendon sheath passes in front of medial malleolus)
A: dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
N. Deep fibular n.

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23
Q

Extensor digitorum longus OIAN

A

. Lat to tibialis ant.
. O: superior part of fibula and interosseous membrane
. I: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes (via 4 separate tendons).
. A: extension of toes and dorsiflexion of the foot
. N: deep fibular n.

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24
Q

Extensor hallicus longus OIAN

A

. Deep to tibialis ant. And extensor digitorum longus
O: middle of the fibula and interosseous membrane
I: base of distal phalanx of 1st digit (big toe)
A: extension of big toe and dorsiflexion
N: deep fibular n.

25
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius OIAN
. Continuation of extensor digitorum longus O: distal end of the fibula I: base of the 5th metatarsal (tendon accompanies extensor digitorum longus). A: eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot N: deep fibular n.
26
Fibularis brevis OIAN
. Deeper and more inf. To fibularis longus O: middle to distal end of the fibula I: lateral side of the base of the 5th metatarsal A: eversion and plantarflexion of the foot N: superficial fibular n.
27
Fibularis (peroneus) longus OIAN
O: superior part of the fibula I: lateral sides of the base of the 1st metatarsal and med. cuneiform A: eversion and plantarflexion of the foot N: superficial fibular n.
28
Gastrocnemius OIAN
. 2 heads that form inf. Boundary of popliteal fossa O: lat. head: sup. margin of the lat. condyle of the femur, med. head: sup. margin of the med. condyle of the femur I: form a common tendon with the soleus muscle (tendo calcaneus/Achilles tendon) that attaches to calcaneus. A: plantarflexion of the foot and flexion of the leg N: tibial n.
29
Soleus OIAN
. Almost completely covered by gastrocnemius O: posterior surface of the upper fibula and soleal line of the tibia I: calcaneus via the tendo calcaneus A: plantarflexion of the foot N: tibial n.
30
Triceps surae
. Gastrocnemius and soleus together | . Strongest plantar flexors
31
Plantaris OIAN
. Sup. To lat. head of gastrocnemius, frequently absent O: superior to lateral condyle of femur I: calcaneus A: plantarflexion of the foot and flexion of the leg N: tibial n.
32
Freshmen’s nerve
. Long skinny tendon of plantaris btw gastrocnemius and soleus . Used for tendon grafts in repairing severed tendons
33
Popliteus OIAN
. Deep to popliteal a. O: lateral condyle of femur and capsule of the knee joint I: posterior surface of the tibia above the soleal line A: unlocks extended knee by lat. rotating femur on fixed tibia (standing position); otherwise, medial rotation of the leg. N: tibial n.
34
Flexor digitorum longus OIAN
O: post. surface of the middle of the tibia I: base of the lat. 4 distal phalanges, tendon passes post. to med. malleolus, enters the plantar aspect of foot and breaks up into 4 tendons A: flexion of the lateral 4 toes and plantarflexion of the foot N: tibial n.
35
Flexor hallicus longus OIAN
O: middle and distal fibula I: distal phalanx of great toe A: flexion of the great toe and plantarflexion of the foot N: tibial n.
36
Tibialis posterior OIAN
. Deepest m. In post. Compartment, btw flexor digitorum and flexor hallicus longus O: post. surface of sup. part of tibia, middle fibula and interosseous membrane I: navicular bone, cuneiforms, and bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals A: inversion of the foot and plantarflexion of the foot N: tibial n.
37
Anterior to posterior positions of structures as they course post. To med. malleolus
``` . Tom, Dick, ANd Harry . Tibialis post. Tendon .flexor Digitorum longus tendons . Posterior tibial a. .tibial Nerve .flexor Hallicus longus tendon ```
38
Popliteal fossa boundaries
``` . Diamond-shaped . Biceps femoris superolat; . Semimembranosus superomed. . Lat./med. gastroc heads inf. . Skin and popliteal fascia post. . Popliteal surface of femurs, post. Surface knee joint capsule, and popliteus fascia (floor) ```
39
Popliteal fossa contents
``` . Popliteal a. (Continuation of femoral a.) . Popliteal v. (Becomes femoral v.) . Small saphenous v. . Tibial and common fibular nn. . Post. Cutaneous n. Of thigh . Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels . Fat ```
40
Tibial n. And branches
. Motor branches to post. Compartment of leg . Med. sural cutaneous n. . Continues inf. W/ post. Tibial a. And passes post. To med. malleolus btw flexor digitorum and hallicus longus . Passes onto plantar surface of foot . Then divides into med. and lat. planar nn.
41
Common fibular n. And branches
. Gives of lat. sural cutaneous n. . Winds around neck of fibula and divides into superficial and deep fibular nn. . Superficial: muscular branches to lat. compartment, becomes cutaneous in lower leg and foot, gives rise to dorsal metatarsal n. And dorsal digital nn. . Deep: muscular branches to ant. Compartment, becomes cutaneous in foot
42
Saphenous n.
. Courses on med. side of leg and ankle | . Branch of femoral n.
43
Sural n.
. Formed by contributions of common fibular and tibial nn. . Supplies posterolateral leg . Continues along lat. side of foot and lat. 5th toe
44
Lateral sural cutaneous n.
. Over lateral part fo upper leg
45
Superficial fibular n. Cutaneous innervation
. Lat. part of lower leg
46
Popliteal a.
. Continuation of femoral a. At adductor hiatus . Goes trough popliteal fossa then divides into ant. And post. Tibial aa. . Has genicular branches that anastomose around knee
47
Anterior tibial a.
. Passes through tibialis post. And over interosseous membrane to reach ant. Compartment . Contributes to anastomosis around knee, muscular branches to ant. Compartment, malleolus branches to ankle joint . Perforating branches penetrate intermuscular septum to supply lat. compartment of leg . Becomes dorsalis pedis a. In foot
48
Posterior tibial a.
. Deep to soleus and superficial to deep mm. Of posterior compartment . Gives off fibular branch . Continues post/ to med. malleolus . Reaches plantar for and divides into med. and lat. plantar aa.
49
Fibular branch of posterior tibial a.
. Originates close to post. Tibial a. . Deep to flexor hallicus longus . Gives off muscular branches to post. Compartment . Perforating branches penetrate post. Intermuscular septum to supply lat. compartment . Anastomoses w/ aa. Around ankle joint
50
Venous supply of leg
. Follow aa. As venae comitantes . Long/great saphenous v. Begins in dorsal venous arch of foot med. and courses med. side of leg and thigh, drains into femoral v. . Short/small saphenous v. Begins at dorsal venous arch of foot lat. and courses post. Side of leg, drains into popliteal v. . Perforating vv. Have valves for deep to superficial flow
51
Compartment syndrome
, trauma leads to swelling and inc. in pressure in compartment resulting in ischemia . Causes extreme pain, loss of muscle function, pain on stretching muscles, loss of neurologic function
52
Sesamoid bones of the foot
. Found at MTP joint of digits 1 and 5 | . Provide added leverage and protection for flexor tendons
53
Medial longitudinal arch
. Formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and metatarsals I, II, III . Higher and more important than lateral longitudinal arch . Talar head is keystone of med. arch . Prevents muscles, nerves, and blood from damaging compression when weight is borne on feet
54
Lateral longitudinal arch
. Flatter than med. arch . Rests on the ground . Formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals IV, V . Both arches function as pillars for the transverse arch
55
Transverse arch
. Formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and base of metatarsals I-V | . Supported by tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
56
What maintains the integrity of arches
. Shape of interlocking bones . Strength of palmar ligaments (esp. plantar calcaneonavicular and long and short plantar ligaments) . Plantar aponeurosis . Action of muscles through supporting action of tendons . Plantar ligaments and aponeurosis bear the greatest stress and are most important in maintaining arches
57
Anterior compartment syndrome
. Severe pain . Loss of dorsiflexion . Loss of extension of toes . Sensory loss in 1st digital cleft (deep fibular n.) . Pain on passive plantarflexion and eversion of foot and flexion of toes
58
Lateral compartment syndrome
. Severe pain . Inability or weakness to plantarflex and evert foot . May be weakness to dorsiflexion and inversion (due to deep fibular n. Passing through) . Sensory loss on dorsum of foot and toes (superficial fibular n) . Pain on passive dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
59
Posterior compartment syndrome
. Severe pain . Inability to plantarflex foot . Weakness in flexion of toes . Sensory loss over lat. part of leg and foot (Sural n.) and plantar surface of foot and toes (med. and lat. plantar nn.) . Pain on passive dorsiflexion of foot and extension of toes

Anatomy (49 decks)

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