Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

nclex > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

antacids

A

action: bind to acid to decrease it
e. g. magnesium/ aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate

side effects: constipation by aluminum and diarrhea by magnesium

nursing: avoid triggering foods, do not overuse as rebound effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

antidiarrheals

A

action: decreases motility, more water to be absorbed in large intestine to decrease diarrhea
e. g. loperamide/Imodium
nursing: I/O, electrolyte imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

aminoglycosides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis
e. g. -cin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, nephrotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cephalosporins

A

action: antibiotic that binds to cell wall
e. g. cefazolin/Ancef, cephalexin/Keflex

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, don’t give to penicillin allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

action: antibiotic that decreases DNA synthesis
e. g. ciprofloxacin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

macrolides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis
e. g. Zithromax/azithromycin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

penicillin

A

action: antibiotic that binds to cell wall
e. g. Amoxil/amoxicillin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sulfonamides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis

e.g. doxycycline
side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, *PETECHIAE indicates thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anti-infectives

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis, DNA synthesis
e. g. metronidazole

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thrombin inhibitors

A

action: anticoagulant that decreases conversion of prothrombin to thrombin + conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
e. g. heparin
e. g. bleeding, low hgb, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

LMWH

A

action: anticoagulant that blocks Xa
e. g. dalteparin/ Fragmin, enoxaparin/Lovenox

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

clotting factor inhibitor

A

action: anticoagulant that interferes with Vitamin K synthesis
e. g. warfarin/coumadin

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

nursing: monitor INR/PTT, not for pregnancy, avoid foods rich in vitamin K (e.g. broccoli, cabbage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anti-platelet

A

action: anticoagulant that inhibits platelet formation
e. g. clopidrogel/Plavix, prasugrel, ticagrelor

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

antiemetics

A

action: antagonist of 5 HT3 to block serotonin at receptor site to decrease nausea
e. g. ondansetron/Zofran

side effects: dizziness

nursing: give 30-60 mins before chemo, avoid alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

antifungals

A

action: antifungal that stops membrane of fungi from forming
e. g. clotrimazole, nystatin

side effects: toxicity to liver or kidneys

nursing: client education about completing entire course of antifungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

analgesics

A

action: inhibit prostaglandins to reduce pain and fever
e. g. acetaminophen
e. g. toxic to liver, max dose of 4g in 24 hours from all sources, monitor GI bleeds, avoid alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NSAID

A

action: inhibit prostaglandins to reduce pain and fever
e. g. ibuprofen/Advil or Motrin), naproxen/ Aleve, celecoxib
nursing: celecoxib has risk of MI, bleeding”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

antihistamines

A

action: blocks histamine to stop allergy
e. g. diphenhydramine/Benadryl, loratidine/Claritin

side effects: blurry vision, sedation, dry mouth, urinary retention

nursing: don’t give if glaucoma, give with food to decrease GI upset, increase salivation with gum/hard candy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

action: decreases release of aldosterone to lower BP
e. g. -pril

side effects: low BP

nursing: VS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CCB

A

action: causes dilation of coronary arteries to lower BP, decreases entry of Ca into heart cells
e. g. -dipine, diltiazem

side effects: low BP, peripheral edema

nursing: VS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ARB/angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

action: blocks enzyme angiotensin II so that vascoconstriction is inhibited to lower BP
e. g. -sartan

side effects: low BP

nursing: VS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

selective BB

A

action: blocks beta 1/heart receptors to lower BP and HR

e. g. -lol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

non-selective BB

A

action: blocks beta 1/heart and beta 2/pulmonary receptors to lower BP and HR
e. g. -lol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

A

action: antilipidemic that inhibit enzyme HMG-CoA which makes cholesterol
e. g. -statin
nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
bile acid sequestrants
action: antilipidemic binds to cholesterol to lower it e. g. cholestyramine nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration
26
cholesterol absorption inhibitors
action: antilipidemic that inhibits absorption of cholesterol in small intestine e. g. ezetimibe nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration
27
antivirals
action: decrease DNA synthesis e. g. -vir nursing: C+S needed before med started to ensure right one
28
antituberculars
action: prevents cell wall synthesis e. g. isoniazid, rifampin nursing: avoid antacids within 1 hour of isoniazid, orange colour urine with rifampin
29
alkylating agent
action: antineoplastic that decreases DNA synthesis to prevent growth of abnormal cells side effects: N+V, hair loss e.g. -platin
30
antimetabolite
action: antineoplastic that decreases DNA synthesis + metabolism to prevent growth of abnormal cells side effects: N+V, hair loss e.g. methotrexate
31
H2 antagonist
action: histamine antagonist to decrease acid e. g. -tidine nursing: may increase anticoagulant effects, give 2 hours after other antacids, do not crush
32
PPI
action: blocks H+ ions to reduce acid e. g. -prazole nursing: may increase anticoagulant effects, give 2 hours after other antacids, do not crush
33
opioids
e.g. codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone side effects: decrease RR, sedation, constipation nursing: monitor for respiratory depression, naloxene should be given, methadone to wean off
34
opioid antagonist
action: competitive antagonist for opioid receptor e. g. naloxone/Narcan side effects: V fib nursing: monitor for opioid withdrawal
35
typical antipsychotics
for positive symptoms e.g. haloperidol, prochloroperizine side effects: EPS/ movement disorders nursing: administer meds to decrease EPS (clonazepam, diazepam)
36
atypical antipsychotics
for negative symptoms e.g. quetiapine/Seroquel, risperidone/Risperdal, clozapine side effects: EPS/ movement disorders, agranulocytosis: low WBC count nursing: administer meds to decrease EPS (clonazepam, diazepam)
37
antiseizure
e. g. gabapentin, phenytoin, valproic acid | nursing: do not stop abruptly as can cause seizures, avoid other depressant meds
38
anti-Alzheimer's
action: increase ACh levels to help ADLs nursing: client education about how not a cure
39
anti-Parkinson's
action: increase dopamine (e.g. carbidopa-levodopa/Sinemet) or decrease ACh nursing: do not stop abruptly as can exacerbate Parkinson's symptoms, dizziness
40
bulk forming laxatives
action: stimulates peristalsis e. g. Metamucil side effects: cramps nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don't give if obstruction
41
saline osmotic laxatives
action: MOST RAPID ACTING, stimulates peristalsis e.g. milk of magnesium, sodium phosphate fleet side effects: cramps nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don't give if obstruction
42
stool softeners
e.g. docusate sodium/Colace side effects: cramps nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don't give if obstruction
43
stimulant laxatives
action: irritates to ensure rapid expulsion of contents e. g. bisacodyl/Dulcolax, senna side effects: cramps nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don't give if obstruction
44
sulfonylurea
action: stimulates beta cells to release insulin e. g. glipizide, glyburide side effect: hypoglycemia nursing: don't give if Type 1 diabetic
45
biguanides
action: increase sensitivity to insulin e. g. metformin side effect: hyperglycemia nursing: don't give if Type 1 diabetic
46
meglitinides
action: increase release of insulin in pancreas e. g. repaglinide side effect: hyperglycemia nursing: don't give if Type 1 diabetic
47
benzodiazepines
action: increase GABA to sedate e. g. short-acting: alprazolam/Xanax, medium acting: lorazepam/Ativan, long-acting: clonazepam and diazepam side effects: delirium nursing: avoid alcohol
48
nonbarbiturates
action: depresses CNS to sedate e. g. diphenhydramine/Benadryl, zolpidem/Ambien nursing: avoid alcohol, BARBITURATES NOT USED DUE TO DANGER
49
tricyclic antidepressants/TCA
action: decrease reuptake of SE to increase mood in depression e. g. -triptyline side effects: weight gain, SI nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, not for glaucoma pts
50
MAOI
action: decrease reuptake of SE and dopamine to increase mood in depression e. g. venlafaxine, mirtazapine, phenelzine side effects: weight gain, SI nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, none for glaucoma pts, *can cause hypertensive crisis so avoid foods with tyramine
51
SSRI
action: decrease reuptake of SE to increase mood in depression e. g. citalopram, fluoxetine, Zoloft/sertraline side effects: weight gain, SI nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, NO for glaucoma pts, *CAN CAUSE SEROTONIN SYNDROME: too much or St. John's Wort can cause fever, diarrhea, seizures, muscle stiff
52
cardiac glycosides
action: decrease HR e. g. digoxin side effects: decreases HR nursing: apical pulse before med, loading dose first
53
cardiac stimulations
action: increase HR by stimulating beta cells e. g. NE/Levophed side effects: increased HR nursing: ECG if giving IV
54
coronary vasodilators
vasodilates for chest pain e.g. nitro, nifedipine side effects: low BP nursing: spray nitro under tongue, avoid sudden standing
55
xanthines
action: dilates bronchial muscles to help SOB e. g. theophylline side effects: dry mouth nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush/white patches, only use one anticholinergic, short-acting for symptom relief
56
anticholinergics
action: affect ACh receptors to help SOB for 24 hours (long-acting) for COPD e. g. ipratropium/ Atrovent (short-acting) tiotropium/Spiriva (long-acting), umeclidinium (long-acting), Ventolin/albuterol (short-acting) side effects: dry mouth nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic, can increase HR
57
leukotriene receptor antagonists
e.g. Singulair side effects: dry mouth nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic
58
inhaled steroids
action: steroid to reduce inflammation of airway e. g. -sone (e.g. Flovent/fluticasone), budesonide side effects: dry mouth nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic, steroids are long-acting
59
potassium channel blocker
action: decreases HR | e. g. amiodarone
60
calcium ion antagonist
action: decreases HR | e. g. lidocaine
61
thiazide diuretic
action: decreases absorption in kidneys e. g. hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone side effects: low BP, dehydration nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up
62
loop diuretic
action: decreases absorption in kidneys e. g. furosemide/Lasix side effects: low BP, dehydration nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up
63
potassium sparing diuretic
action: decreases absorption BUT RETAINS POTASSIUM e. g. spironolactone side effects: low BP, dehydration nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up
64
therapeutic medication levels
acetaminophen: 10-30 mcg/mL carbamazepine: 5-12 mcg/mL digoxin: 0.5-2 ng/mL gentamicin: 5-10 mcg/mL lithium: 0.5-1.2 mEq/L magnesium sulfate: 4-7 mg/dL phenobarbital: 10-30 mcg/mL phenytoin: 10-20 mcg/mL salicylate: 100-250 mcg/mL valproic acid: 50-100 mcg/mL
65
isotonic
action: no change | e. g. 0.9% NS, D5W, lactated ringers
66
hypotonic
action: causes water to enter cells for diseases like low BP e. g. 0.45% NS, 0.33% NS side effects: edema
67
hypertonic
action: water is removed from cells for diseases like high BP e. g. 3% NS, 5% NS, D10W, D5W with ½ NS, D5LR
68
colloid
action: goes to intravascular compartment, severe hypovolemia e. g. dextran, albumin
69
alcoholism meds
action: increases sensitivity to alcohol so unpleasant side effects can occur to help you abstain from alcohol e. g. disulfiram nursing: hidden sources of alcohol as could be fatal (e.g. cold medicine, mouthwash, cologne, aftershave, sauces), alcohol should be avoided after 2 weeks after stopping therapy, bracelet that alerts you are on this medication
70
ADHD meds
e.g. methamphetamine, methylphenidate
71
ECT
action: causes seizure to help with depression side effects: confusion, memory loss nursing: NPO at midnight, no driving during course of treatment, NO anti-seizure meds, unconscious during procedure (anesthesia + muscle relaxant)
72
antidotes
``` warfarin --> vit k heparin --> protamine sulfate opioid overdose --> naloxone digoxin --> Digibind magnesium --> calcium gluconate Tylenol --> n-acetylcysteine benzodiazepine --> flumazenil cholinergic crisis --> atropine sulfate ```
73
immunosuppressant
action: suppresses immune system to slow growth of cancer cells for cancer e. g. cyclophosphamide/Cytoxan side effects: N+V, bloody urine
74
bladder meds
e.g. solifenacin side effects: dry mouth

nclex (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions