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pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

antacids

A

action: bind to acid to decrease it
e. g. magnesium/ aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate

side effects: constipation by aluminum and diarrhea by magnesium

nursing: avoid triggering foods, do not overuse as rebound effect

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2
Q

antidiarrheals

A

action: decreases motility, more water to be absorbed in large intestine to decrease diarrhea
e. g. loperamide/Imodium
nursing: I/O, electrolyte imbalance

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3
Q

aminoglycosides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis
e. g. -cin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, nephrotoxicity

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4
Q

cephalosporins

A

action: antibiotic that binds to cell wall
e. g. cefazolin/Ancef, cephalexin/Keflex

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, don’t give to penicillin allergy

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5
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

action: antibiotic that decreases DNA synthesis
e. g. ciprofloxacin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

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6
Q

macrolides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis
e. g. Zithromax/azithromycin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

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7
Q

penicillin

A

action: antibiotic that binds to cell wall
e. g. Amoxil/amoxicillin

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

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8
Q

sulfonamides

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis

e.g. doxycycline
side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic, *PETECHIAE indicates thrombocytopenia

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9
Q

anti-infectives

A

action: antibiotic that decreases protein synthesis, DNA synthesis
e. g. metronidazole

side effects: hypersensitivity reactions

nursing: C+S before starting med to choose right one, client education about completing entire course of antibiotic

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10
Q

thrombin inhibitors

A

action: anticoagulant that decreases conversion of prothrombin to thrombin + conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
e. g. heparin
e. g. bleeding, low hgb, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

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11
Q

LMWH

A

action: anticoagulant that blocks Xa
e. g. dalteparin/ Fragmin, enoxaparin/Lovenox

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

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12
Q

clotting factor inhibitor

A

action: anticoagulant that interferes with Vitamin K synthesis
e. g. warfarin/coumadin

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

nursing: monitor INR/PTT, not for pregnancy, avoid foods rich in vitamin K (e.g. broccoli, cabbage)

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13
Q

anti-platelet

A

action: anticoagulant that inhibits platelet formation
e. g. clopidrogel/Plavix, prasugrel, ticagrelor

side effects: bleeding, low hbg, thrombocytopenia: low platelet levels

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14
Q

antiemetics

A

action: antagonist of 5 HT3 to block serotonin at receptor site to decrease nausea
e. g. ondansetron/Zofran

side effects: dizziness

nursing: give 30-60 mins before chemo, avoid alcohol

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15
Q

antifungals

A

action: antifungal that stops membrane of fungi from forming
e. g. clotrimazole, nystatin

side effects: toxicity to liver or kidneys

nursing: client education about completing entire course of antifungal

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16
Q

analgesics

A

action: inhibit prostaglandins to reduce pain and fever
e. g. acetaminophen
e. g. toxic to liver, max dose of 4g in 24 hours from all sources, monitor GI bleeds, avoid alcohol

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17
Q

NSAID

A

action: inhibit prostaglandins to reduce pain and fever
e. g. ibuprofen/Advil or Motrin), naproxen/ Aleve, celecoxib
nursing: celecoxib has risk of MI, bleeding”

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18
Q

antihistamines

A

action: blocks histamine to stop allergy
e. g. diphenhydramine/Benadryl, loratidine/Claritin

side effects: blurry vision, sedation, dry mouth, urinary retention

nursing: don’t give if glaucoma, give with food to decrease GI upset, increase salivation with gum/hard candy

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19
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

action: decreases release of aldosterone to lower BP
e. g. -pril

side effects: low BP

nursing: VS

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20
Q

CCB

A

action: causes dilation of coronary arteries to lower BP, decreases entry of Ca into heart cells
e. g. -dipine, diltiazem

side effects: low BP, peripheral edema

nursing: VS

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21
Q

ARB/angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

action: blocks enzyme angiotensin II so that vascoconstriction is inhibited to lower BP
e. g. -sartan

side effects: low BP

nursing: VS

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22
Q

selective BB

A

action: blocks beta 1/heart receptors to lower BP and HR

e. g. -lol

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23
Q

non-selective BB

A

action: blocks beta 1/heart and beta 2/pulmonary receptors to lower BP and HR
e. g. -lol

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24
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

A

action: antilipidemic that inhibit enzyme HMG-CoA which makes cholesterol
e. g. -statin
nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration

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25
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

action: antilipidemic binds to cholesterol to lower it
e. g. cholestyramine
nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration

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26
Q

cholesterol absorption inhibitors

A

action: antilipidemic that inhibits absorption of cholesterol in small intestine
e. g. ezetimibe
nursing: avoid grapefruit juice increases concentration

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27
Q

antivirals

A

action: decrease DNA synthesis
e. g. -vir
nursing: C+S needed before med started to ensure right one

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28
Q

antituberculars

A

action: prevents cell wall synthesis
e. g. isoniazid, rifampin
nursing: avoid antacids within 1 hour of isoniazid, orange colour urine with rifampin

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29
Q

alkylating agent

A

action: antineoplastic that decreases DNA synthesis to prevent growth of abnormal cells

side effects: N+V, hair loss

e.g. -platin

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30
Q

antimetabolite

A

action: antineoplastic that decreases DNA synthesis + metabolism to prevent growth of abnormal cells

side effects: N+V, hair loss

e.g. methotrexate

31
Q

H2 antagonist

A

action: histamine antagonist to decrease acid
e. g. -tidine
nursing: may increase anticoagulant effects, give 2 hours after other antacids, do not crush

32
Q

PPI

A

action: blocks H+ ions to reduce acid
e. g. -prazole
nursing: may increase anticoagulant effects, give 2 hours after other antacids, do not crush

33
Q

opioids

A

e.g. codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone,
morphine, oxycodone

side effects: decrease RR, sedation, constipation

nursing: monitor for respiratory depression, naloxene should be given, methadone to wean off

34
Q

opioid antagonist

A

action: competitive antagonist for opioid receptor
e. g. naloxone/Narcan

side effects: V fib

nursing: monitor for opioid withdrawal

35
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

for positive symptoms

e.g. haloperidol, prochloroperizine

side effects: EPS/ movement disorders

nursing: administer meds to decrease EPS (clonazepam, diazepam)

36
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

for negative symptoms

e.g. quetiapine/Seroquel,
risperidone/Risperdal, clozapine

side effects: EPS/ movement disorders, agranulocytosis: low WBC count

nursing: administer meds to decrease EPS (clonazepam, diazepam)

37
Q

antiseizure

A

e. g. gabapentin, phenytoin, valproic acid

nursing: do not stop abruptly as can cause seizures, avoid other depressant meds

38
Q

anti-Alzheimer’s

A

action: increase ACh levels to help ADLs
nursing: client education about how not a cure

39
Q

anti-Parkinson’s

A

action: increase dopamine (e.g. carbidopa-levodopa/Sinemet) or decrease ACh
nursing: do not stop abruptly as can exacerbate Parkinson’s symptoms, dizziness

40
Q

bulk forming laxatives

A

action: stimulates peristalsis
e. g. Metamucil

side effects: cramps

nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don’t give if obstruction

41
Q

saline osmotic laxatives

A

action: MOST RAPID ACTING, stimulates
peristalsis

e.g. milk of magnesium, sodium phosphate fleet

side effects: cramps

nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don’t give if obstruction

42
Q

stool softeners

A

e.g. docusate sodium/Colace

side effects: cramps

nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don’t give if obstruction

43
Q

stimulant laxatives

A

action: irritates to ensure rapid expulsion of contents
e. g. bisacodyl/Dulcolax, senna

side effects: cramps

nursing: electrolyte levels, I/O, don’t give if obstruction

44
Q

sulfonylurea

A

action: stimulates beta cells to release insulin
e. g. glipizide, glyburide

side effect: hypoglycemia

nursing: don’t give if Type 1 diabetic

45
Q

biguanides

A

action: increase sensitivity to insulin
e. g. metformin

side effect: hyperglycemia

nursing: don’t give if Type 1 diabetic

46
Q

meglitinides

A

action: increase release of insulin in pancreas
e. g. repaglinide

side effect: hyperglycemia

nursing: don’t give if Type 1 diabetic

47
Q

benzodiazepines

A

action: increase GABA to sedate
e. g. short-acting: alprazolam/Xanax, medium acting: lorazepam/Ativan, long-acting: clonazepam and diazepam

side effects: delirium

nursing: avoid alcohol

48
Q

nonbarbiturates

A

action: depresses CNS to sedate
e. g. diphenhydramine/Benadryl, zolpidem/Ambien
nursing: avoid alcohol, BARBITURATES NOT USED DUE TO DANGER

49
Q

tricyclic antidepressants/TCA

A

action: decrease reuptake of SE to increase mood in depression
e. g. -triptyline

side effects: weight gain, SI

nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, not for glaucoma pts

50
Q

MAOI

A

action: decrease reuptake of SE and dopamine to increase mood in depression
e. g. venlafaxine, mirtazapine, phenelzine

side effects: weight gain, SI

nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, none for glaucoma pts, *can cause hypertensive crisis so avoid foods with tyramine

51
Q

SSRI

A

action: decrease reuptake of SE to increase mood in depression
e. g. citalopram, fluoxetine, Zoloft/sertraline

side effects: weight gain, SI

nursing: client education about trying for at least 2 weeks, due not stop abruptly, NO for glaucoma pts, *CAN CAUSE SEROTONIN SYNDROME: too much or St. John’s Wort can cause fever, diarrhea, seizures, muscle stiff

52
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

action: decrease HR
e. g. digoxin

side effects: decreases HR

nursing: apical pulse before med, loading dose first

53
Q

cardiac stimulations

A

action: increase HR by stimulating beta cells
e. g. NE/Levophed

side effects: increased HR

nursing: ECG if giving IV

54
Q

coronary vasodilators

A

vasodilates for chest pain

e.g. nitro, nifedipine

side effects: low BP

nursing: spray nitro under tongue, avoid sudden standing

55
Q

xanthines

A

action: dilates bronchial muscles to help SOB
e. g. theophylline

side effects: dry mouth

nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush/white patches, only use one anticholinergic, short-acting for symptom relief

56
Q

anticholinergics

A

action: affect ACh receptors to help SOB for 24 hours (long-acting) for COPD
e. g. ipratropium/ Atrovent (short-acting) tiotropium/Spiriva (long-acting), umeclidinium (long-acting), Ventolin/albuterol (short-acting)

side effects: dry mouth

nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic, can increase HR

57
Q

leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

e.g. Singulair

side effects: dry mouth

nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic

58
Q

inhaled steroids

A

action: steroid to reduce inflammation of airway
e. g. -sone (e.g. Flovent/fluticasone), budesonide

side effects: dry mouth

nursing: use bronchodilator first, wait at least 1 minute between inhalers, fluids for dry mouth and wash away extra medication to avoid thrush, only use one anticholinergic, steroids are long-acting

59
Q

potassium channel blocker

A

action: decreases HR

e. g. amiodarone

60
Q

calcium ion antagonist

A

action: decreases HR

e. g. lidocaine

61
Q

thiazide diuretic

A

action: decreases absorption in kidneys
e. g. hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone

side effects: low BP, dehydration

nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up

62
Q

loop diuretic

A

action: decreases absorption in kidneys
e. g. furosemide/Lasix

side effects: low BP, dehydration

nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up

63
Q

potassium sparing diuretic

A

action: decreases absorption BUT RETAINS POTASSIUM
e. g. spironolactone

side effects: low BP, dehydration

nursing: monitor electrolyte levels (*ESPECIALLY POTASSIUM), give in morning to avoid pt discomfort during night, instruct pt to not suddenly get up

64
Q

therapeutic medication levels

A

acetaminophen: 10-30 mcg/mL
carbamazepine: 5-12 mcg/mL
digoxin: 0.5-2 ng/mL
gentamicin: 5-10 mcg/mL
lithium: 0.5-1.2 mEq/L
magnesium sulfate: 4-7 mg/dL
phenobarbital: 10-30 mcg/mL
phenytoin: 10-20 mcg/mL
salicylate: 100-250 mcg/mL
valproic acid: 50-100 mcg/mL

65
Q

isotonic

A

action: no change

e. g. 0.9% NS, D5W, lactated ringers

66
Q

hypotonic

A

action: causes water to enter cells for diseases like low BP
e. g. 0.45% NS, 0.33% NS

side effects: edema

67
Q

hypertonic

A

action: water is removed from cells for diseases like high BP
e. g. 3% NS, 5% NS, D10W, D5W with ½ NS, D5LR

68
Q

colloid

A

action: goes to intravascular compartment, severe hypovolemia
e. g. dextran, albumin

69
Q

alcoholism meds

A

action: increases sensitivity to alcohol so unpleasant side effects can occur to help you abstain from alcohol
e. g. disulfiram
nursing: hidden sources of alcohol as could be fatal (e.g. cold medicine, mouthwash, cologne, aftershave, sauces), alcohol should be avoided after 2 weeks after stopping therapy, bracelet that alerts you are on this medication

70
Q

ADHD meds

A

e.g. methamphetamine, methylphenidate

71
Q

ECT

A

action: causes seizure to help with depression

side effects: confusion, memory loss

nursing: NPO at midnight, no driving during course of treatment, NO anti-seizure meds, unconscious during procedure (anesthesia + muscle relaxant)

72
Q

antidotes

A 
warfarin --> vit k
heparin --> protamine sulfate
opioid overdose --> naloxone
digoxin --> Digibind
magnesium --> calcium gluconate
Tylenol --> n-acetylcysteine
benzodiazepine --> flumazenil
cholinergic crisis --> atropine sulfate
73
Q

immunosuppressant

A

action: suppresses immune system to slow growth of cancer cells for cancer
e. g. cyclophosphamide/Cytoxan

side effects: N+V, bloody urine

74
Q

bladder meds

A

e.g. solifenacin

side effects: dry mouth

nclex (17 decks)

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