Pharmacology

Question 1

Is Nociceptive pain adaptive or maladaptive?

Answer 1

Adaptive

Question 2

Is Inflammatory pain adaptive or maladaptive?

Answer 2

Adaptive

Question 3

Is Pathological pain adaptive or maladaptive?

Answer 3

Maladaptive

Question 4

What are Nociceptors?

Answer 4

Specific peripheral primary sensory afferent neurones normally activated preferentially by intense stimuli (e.g. thermal, mechanical, chemical) that are noxious

Question 5

How do nociceptors work?

Answer 5

They are first order neurones that send information to second order neurones in the CNS by chemical synaptic transmission

Question 6

What is nociceptive pain meant for?

Answer 6

early warning system and to make memories to avoid harm in the future.

Question 7

What is inflammatory pain caused by?

Answer 7

by the immune system in injury, or infection

Question 8

How does inflammatory pain help healing of a body part?

Answer 8

discourages physical contact and discourages movement.

Question 9

What protective function does pathological pain have?

Answer 9

None

Question 10

What disorder results in not being able to feel pain?

Answer 10

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP)

Question 11

How does CIP come about?

Answer 11

Loss of function in the gene SCN9A that encodes a particular voltage-activated Na+ channel (Nav1.7), highly expressed in nociceptive neurones

Question 12

What are A(delta)-fibres ?

Answer 12

mechanical/thermal nociceptors that are thinly myelinated (conduction velocity of around 6-30ms-1 assoc. with nipping, stabbing etc

Question 13

What are C-fibres?

Answer 13

Nociceptors that are unmyelinated (conduction velocity of 0.5-2.0ms-1)
assoc. with throbbing etc

Question 14

What is TRP?

Answer 14

Transient receptor protein (responds to heat) particularly TRPV1

Question 15

What do ASICs activate?

Answer 15

P2X and P2Y

Question 16

What does bradykinin activate?

Answer 16

B2 receptors

Question 17

What is ASICs activated by?

Answer 17

H+

Question 18

What does ASIC stand for?

Answer 18

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Question 19

Give examples of anti-TNF drugs

Answer 19

Etanercept
Adulimumab
Certolizumab
Infliximab

Question 20

What conditions are anti-TNF’s licensed for?

Answer 20

RA
psoriatic arhtritis
ankylosing spondylitis

Question 21

What are side effects of anti-TNF’s?

Answer 21

Infection risk is increased
Cancer
Pulmoanry fibrosis
Heart failure

Question 22

What does Rituximab do?

Answer 22

monoclonal antibody against B (CD20) lymphocytes

Question 23

What does Tocilizumab do?

Answer 23

Inhibits IL-6

Question 24

What does Abatacept do?

Answer 24

CTLA-4 Ig - blocks full activation of T lymphocytes

Question 25

What does Ustekinumab do?

Answer 25

Inhibits IL-12 and IL-23`

Question 26

What are the 2 components to treating gout?

Answer 26

Acute episode | Prophylaxis

Question 27

How is the anti-TNF treatment decided?

Answer 27

DAWN questions

Question 28

What prophylaxis drugs would be used?

Answer 28

Allopurinol Febuxostat Uricosurics

Question 29

What is allopurinol?

Answer 29

A Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Question 30

What are side effects of allopurinol?

Answer 30

Rash (vasculitis) marrow aplasia Azothioprine interaction

Question 31

What is Febuxostat?

Answer 31

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Question 32

What are side effects of febuxostat?

Answer 32

Renal impairment | Caution with ischaemic heart disease