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Physiology Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle?

A

Cardiac (heart)
Smooth (stomach)
Skeletal (limbs)

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2
Q

What is the largest type of human tissue?

A

Muscle

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3
Q

What are muscles capable of?

A

developing tension
producing movement
contraction

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4
Q

What types of muscle are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

What are the dark and light bands within muscle?

A 
Dark = thick myocin
Light = thin actin
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6
Q

What nervous system innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic

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7
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neurone

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Muscle that serve fine movements have less fibres per motor unit

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Does skeletal muscle contain gap junctions?

A

No, but cardiac muscle does

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10
Q

Does skeletal muscle have neuromusclular junctions?

A

Yes, but cardiac muscle does not

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11
Q

In skeletal muscle, where does Ca++ come from?

A

Entirely from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, in cardiac its also from ECF

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12
Q

How is the potential transmitted in alpha motor neurons cause muscle contraction?

A

Excitation contraction coupling

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13
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

process where the surface action potential results in activation of the contractile mechanism of the muscle fibre.

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14
Q

When in skeletal muscle is Ca++ released?

A

When the surface action potential spreads down the transverse (T)-tubules

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15
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

They are extensions of the surface membrane that dip into the muscle fibre

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16
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction transmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What does each muscle fibre contain?

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

How are actin and myocin arranged, and where?

A

In sarcomeres within each myofibril

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19
Q

What are the 4 zones of a sarcomere?

A

A-band, H-zone, M-line and I-band

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20
Q

What is the A-band?

A

Thick filaments along with the portions of thin filaments that overlap in both ends of thick filament

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21
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Lighter area within middle of A-band where thin filaments don’t reach

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22
Q

What is the M-line?

A

It extends vertically down the middle of the A-band within the centre of the H-zone

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23
Q

What is the I-band?

A

Consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project in A-band

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24
Q

What is Ca++ needed for?

A

to switch on cross bridge formation

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25
What is motor neurone recruitment?
stimulation of more motor units resulting in a stronger contraction.
26
What does synchronous motor units recruitment during submaximal contractions help to prevent?
Muscle fatigue
27
What 4 things help dictate the tension developed during muscle fibre contraction?
1. Frequency of stimulation 2. Summation of contractions 3. Length of muscle fibre at onset of contraction 4. Thickness of muscle fibre
28
What prevents a tetanic contraction?
A long refractory period
29
What is a twitch?
a single contraction of the muscle
30
How much tension does a twitch produce?
Very little
31
TRUE OR FALSE With increasing frequency of stimulation the tension increases
TRUE
32
What are the two types of contraction?
Isotonic and Isometric
33
Explain isotonic contractions
For body movements and moving objects. | Muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes.
34
Explain Isometric contractions
Used for supporting objects in fixed positions and for maintaining body posture.
35
Give an example of a disease which involves chronic degeneration of contractile elements
Muscular dystrophy
36
Give an example of a disease which involves abnormalities in muscle ion channels
Myotonia
37
Give an example of inflammatory myopathies
Polymyosytis
38
Give 2 examples of endocrine myopathies
Cushing syndrome | Thyroid disease
39
Give 2 examples of toxic myopathies
Alcohol | Statins
40
What is a reflex action?
A stereotyped response to a specific stimulus
41
What type of reflex is the stretch reflex?
Monosynaptic reflex
42
The stretch reflex is an example of what?
Negative feedback
43
What type of change does the stretch reflex resist against?
Passive
44
What does the stretch reflex help maintain when walking?
Posture
45
What is the stretch reflex coordinated by?
Simultaneous relaxation of antagonist muscle
46
What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Knee jerk?
L3, L4, Femoral nerve
47
What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the ankle jerk?
S1, S2, Tibial nerve
48
What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Biceps jerk?
C5, C6, Musculocutaneous nerve
49
What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Brachioradialis?
C5, C6, Radial nerve
50
What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Triceps jerk?
C6, C7, Radial nerve
51
What are muscle spindles and what are they known as?
Specialised muscle fibres and intrafusal fibres
52
What are ordinary muscle spindles referred to as?
Extrafusal fibres
53
What are the neurones that control muscle spindles called?
Gamma (y) motor neurones
54
What are slow-twitch fibres?
Slow oxidative type 1 fibres, used for prolonged relatively low aerobic activities
55
What are intermediate -twitch fibres?
fast oxidative type IIa fibres used for both aerobic and anaerobic and are useful in prolonged relatively moderate work
56
What are fast-twitch fibres?
Fast glycolytic type IIx fibres, anaerobic metabolism and are mainly used for short-term high intensity activities
57
What are the 3 types of joints?
1. Synovial 2. Fibrous 3. Cartilaginous
58
What unites bone in a fibrous joint?
Fibrous tissue
59
What unites bone in a cartilaginous joint (Amphiarthrosis)?
Cartilage
60
What separates bones in synovial joints?
A cavity containing synovial fluid and united by a fibrous capsule
61
What produces synovial fluid inside the synovial membrane?
Synovial cells (Fibroblasts)
62
What covers the articular surfaces of bones?
Cartilage
63
What is synovium?
derived hyaluronic acid (mucin) a polymer of disaccharides

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