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endo II exam1 > phys I > Flashcards

phys I Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine

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2
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, GH, Prolactin

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3
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

oxytocin, ADH

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4
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland release

A

T3 T4 Calcitonin

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5
Q

what hormones do the paratyroid glands release

A

PTH

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6
Q

what hormones are released by pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon

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7
Q

what hormones are released by adrenal medulla?

cortex?

A

medulla is norepi and epi

cortex is cortisol, aldosterone

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8
Q

what hormones are secreted by kidneys

A

renin and 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

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9
Q

estradiol gives what type of feedback( + or -) to what

A

positive feedback to the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what are the negative feedback loops to hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary and hormones like testerone

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11
Q

steroid and thyroid hormones work on what R

A

nuclear R, lipid soluble aka can cross membrane

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12
Q

how do most peptide hormones and biogenic amines signal

A

membrane R

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13
Q

how do water soluble hormones differ in intracellular signaling from lipid soluble

A

water soluble usually work through a 2nd messenger where lipid soluble stimulate synthesis of specific new proteins

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14
Q

describe storage of steroid and thyroid hormones

A

steroid made when needed, thyroid stored

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15
Q

describe storage of water soluble hormones

A

stored in vesicles

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16
Q

half life of lipid and water soluble hormones

A

lipid soluble are long and watersoluble is short

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17
Q

methods for measuring hormone levels

A

plasma analysis: reflective only of time of sampling

urine analysis: restricted to the measurement of catecholamines and steroid hormones

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18
Q

what are they primary thyroid dysfunction diseases

A

hashimoto thyroiditis and graves

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19
Q

TRH, TSH and T3T4 levels in graves and hashimotos

A

Graves: low TRH TSH high T3T4
hashimoto: high TRH, high TSH, low T3T4

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20
Q

what is an example of secondary thyroid failure and lab values?

A

pituitary failure form ishcemic necrosis

high TRH, low TSH low T3T4

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21
Q

example of tertiary thyroid failure and lab values

A

hypothalamic failure (hypothalamic tumor) low TRH low TSH and low T3T4

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22
Q

If pituitary hormone level is low but the target hormone is high what is most likely

A

autonomous secretion by target endocrine organ

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23
Q

if pituitary hormone level is low but the target hormone is low too what is most likely

A

pituitary failure

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24
Q

if pituitary hormone level is high and the target hormone is low what is goind on

A

primary failure of target endocrine hormone

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25
if pituitary hormone level is high and the target hormone is also high what is going on
autonomous secretion of pituitary hormone or R to the target hormone action
26
What areas release posterior pituitary hormones
supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei
27
what releases the anterior pituitary hormones
the neurone in hypothalamus
28
ADH is released whtn
increased serum osmolality because causes and increase in water resorption by working on distal tubule in kidney also induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle to protect against severe volume depletion
29
when is oxytocin released
milk letdown and uterine contraction
30
Action ADH
increase expression aquaporin 2 on principal cell sin distal tubule
31
What is neurogenic Diabetes inspidus
hypothalamic/central unregulated release ADH
32
what is diabestes insipidus characterized by
large volume urine that is hypotonic, dilute and tasteless
33
what is nephrogenic DI
unresponsive to ADH, problem in kidneys
34
what is primary polyuria
increased water intaked due to pathologic, habitual or psychiatric syndromes
35
Dx of DI is confirmed how
dehydration stimulus followed by inability to concentrate urine
36
plasma ADH levels in neurogenic DI? nephrogenic DI?
in neurogenic ADH plasma levels are low | in nephrogenic the plasma ADH levels are either high or normal
37
how will urine osmolality change after water deprivation in both DI
no change
38
how will plasma ADH change after water deprivation in both DI
in neurogenic there is no change | in nephrogenic there will be an increase
39
how will urine osmolality change after ADH administration in both types DI
in neurogenic it will increase | in nephrogenic there is no change
40
stimulatory factors for GH release
``` decreased glucose [ ] decreased FFA [ ] arginine fasting hormones of puberty exercise stress stage III and IV sleep alpha adrenergic agonists ```
41
what are the inhibitory factors for GH release
``` increased glucose increased FFA obesity senescence somatostatin somatomedins GH beta adrenergic agonists pregnancy ```
42
what are the effects of GH
insulin Resistance: dec glucose uptakes, increase blood glucose, increase lipolysis, increase blood insulin increased protein synthesis and organ growth through IGF-I: increase aa uptae, increase DNA RNA synthesis, increase body mass and organ size increase linear growth through IGF-I with altered cartilage metabolism
43
What does prolactin induce
dopamine synthesis
44
stimulatory factors for prolactin release
pregnancy, breast feeding, sleep, stress, TRH, dopamine antagonists
45
inhibitory factors for prolactin release
dopamine, bromocriptine somatostatin prolacitn (neg feedback)
46
What is definition prolactinoma
>200ng/ml
47
describe effects of GnRH on FSH and LH
pulsatile secretion GnRH prevents downregulation of LH FSH Receptros constant infusion GnRH causes decrease in LH and FSH
48
What is needed to activate T3 and T4
peroxidase to take it off thyroglobulin
49
What is needed for peroxidase to work on thyroglobulin
I(-) iodine
50
how is iodine transported to follicular lumen
electrochemical gradient, co transport with Na
51
What will proplythiouracil inhibit
oxidation of iodine organificaiton of iodine into MIT and DIT coupling reaction of DIT+DIt to T4 and DIT+MIT to T3
52
how do T4 and T3 circulate
bound to thyroid binding globulin and some to albumin and transthyretin
53
what is the more active thyroid hormone
T3 because 10 fold higher affinity for thyroid R
54
ration T4 to T3
10:1
55
people with no thyroid function will have what levels when given T4
only T3
56
What is euthyroid sick syndrome
hypothyroidism but problem is from increased diiodinase which forms inactive rT3
57
stimulatory factors for TH release
``` TSH, Thyroid stimulating Ig increased TBG (pregnancy) ```
58
what are inhibitory factors for thyroid hormone regulation
``` Iodoine deficiency deiodinase deficiency excessive iodine intake perchlorate proplythiouracil decreased TBG levels (liver disease) ```
59
what is wolff chaikoff effect
excessive iodine intake
60
what does perchlorate do
inhibit Na iodine cotransport

endo II exam1 (14 decks)

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