Physiological Psych Flashcards by Graham Block

earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and even personality might be linked to brain anatomy; phrenology

Gall

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Ablation (extirpation)

various parts of the brain are surgically removed, and the behavioral consequences are observed

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-how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

Functionalism (James)

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study of the organism as a whole

Dewey

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behavioral deficits of people with brain damage

Broca

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each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy

Müller

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first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse

Helmholtz

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inferred the existence of synapses

Sherrington

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transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

Motor (efferent) neurons

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found between other neurons; most numerous; linked to reflexive behavior

Interneurons

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behavior that is crucial to survival

Reflexes

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CNS

brain and spinal cord

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PNS

nerve tissue fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

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Somatic nervous system

sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin and muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions; independent of conscious control; Cannon

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Antagonistic

act in opposition

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conserve energy; resting and digesting

Parasympathetic nervous system

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Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses

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Sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight; adrenaline

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where the brain meets the spinal cord; balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes

Hindbrain

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sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

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complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes; emotion and memory

Forebrain

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Limbic system

group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory

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outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres; language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long-term planning

Cerebral cortex

Phylogeny

evolutionary development

responsible for regulation vital functioning

Medulla oblongata

sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and the medulla

Pons

helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

Cerebellum

regulates arousal, alertness, and attention

Reticular formation

receives visual sensory input

Superior colliculus

receives sensory information from the auditory system

Inferior colliculus

relay station for incoming sensory information

Thalamus

homeostatic functions; emotional expression during high arousal stages, aggressive behavior, and sexual behavior

Hypothalamus

Osmoregulation

maintenance of water balance in the body

hunger center

Lateral hypothalamus

Aphagia

refusal to eat or drink

satiety center

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Hyperphagia

excessive eating

Anterior hypothalamus

sexual behavior

Basal ganglia

coordinates muscle movement

gathers information about body position; makes our movements smooth and our posture steady

Extrapyramidal motor system

fluid-filled cavities that link up with the spinal canal

Ventricles

Septal nuclei

primary pleasure centers in the brain; Olds and Milner

Septal rage

if septal nuclei are damaged, aggressive behavior goes unchecked

Amygdala

role in defensive and aggressive behaviors

changes in animals from bilateral removal of amygdala

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

not being able to establish new long-term memories

Anterograde amnesia

memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury

Retrograde amnesia

bumps and folds in the cortex

Convolutions

Prefrontal cortex

serves an executive function;governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavioral processes

area that combines input from diverse brain regions

Association area

receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands

Projection area

Motor cortex

initiates voluntary motor movements

Broca’s area

speech production

destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

Somatosensory cortex

Hubel and Wiesel

visual cortex

Wernicke’s area

language reception and comprehension

one side of brain communicates with the opposite side of the body

Contralaterally

cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body

Ipsilaterally

Sperry and Gazzaniga

severing the corpus callosum

slight electrical charge stored inside the neuron’s cell membrane

Resting potential

changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behavior

Kandel

side effect of antipsychotic medication resembling the motor disturbances seen in Parkinson’s disease

Tardive dyskinesia

stabilizing neural activity in the brain

GABA

facilitating the transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at the synapse

Tricyclic antidepressants

study of neuropsychological disorders

Luria

Agnosia

affects perceptual recognition

Apraxia

impairment in the organization of motor action

neurological disorders characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning

Neurocognitive disorders (dementias)

Beta waves

person is alert or attending to some mental task that requires concentration

Alpha waves

awake but relaxing with our eyes closed

we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions to some external event

James-Lange Theory

awareness of emotions reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schacter and Singer

two-factor theory; subjective experience of emotion is based on the interaction between changes in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Physiological Psych Flashcards

(75 cards)