Personality and Abnormal Psych Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Sheldon
A
personality defined physical/biological variables
2
Q
Endomorphy
A
soft and spherical
3
Q
Mesomorphy
A
hard, muscular, and rectangular
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Q
Ectomorphy
A
thin, fragile, and lightly muscled
5
Q
Titchener’s method of introspection
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structuralism
6
Q
notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses or instincts
A
Humanism (Maslow and Rogers)
7
Q
reform to asylums
A
Pinel
8
Q
Kraepelin
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scheme of classifying disorders; precursor to DSM
9
Q
disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis, and death; caused by syphilis
A
General paresis
10
Q
Cerletti and Bini
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use of electroshock for the artificial production of convulsive seizures
11
Q
Prefrontal lobotomies
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frontal lobes of the brain were severed from the brain tissue
12
Q
existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
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Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory–
13
Q
Id
A
reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that is present at birth
14
Q
Pleasure principle
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immediate discharge of energy buildup
15
Q
Primary process
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id’s response to frustration; obtain satisfaction now, not later
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Q
Wish fulfillment
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mental image of the object
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organization of the id; secondary process
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Ego
18
Q
takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id; aim is to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object has been discovered or produced
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Reality principle
19
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Superego
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moral branch of personality, striving for perfection
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Conscience
A
provides rules and norms about what constitutes bad behavior
21
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Ego-ideal
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provides rules for good, appropriate behavior
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Q
Instinct
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innate psychological representation of a bodily excitation
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Eros (life instincts)
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purpose of survival
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Q
Thanatos (death instincts)
A
unconscious wish for the ultimate, absolute state of quiescence
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Defense mechanisms
ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety
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Two common characteristics defense mechanisms
deny, falsify, or distort reality; Operate unconsciously
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unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories
Repression
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more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
Suppression
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person attributes his forbidden urges to others
Projection
30
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
Reaction formation
31
process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts
Rationalization
32
reverting to an earlier stage of development
Regression
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transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Sublimation
34
pent-up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings
Displacement
35
Collective unconscious
shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors
36
Archetypes
thought or image that has an emotional element
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mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention
Persona
38
help to understand gender
Anima (feminine)/Animus (masculine)
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animal instincts that humans inherited; responsible for unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions
Shadow
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striving for unity; point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious
Self
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Extroversion
orientation toward the external, objective world
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Introversion
orientation toward the inner, subjective world
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Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effect on unconscious factors
Adler
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Inferiority complex
individual’s sense of incompleteness and sense of imperfection, both physically and socially
45
Creative self
each individual shapes their uniqueness and makes their own personality
46
Style of life
person’s unique way of achieving superiority
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Fictional finalism
individual is motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences
48
neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs; directed toward making life and interactions bearable
Horney
49
Anna Freud
founder of ego-psychology
50
Object relations theory
symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality (Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, and Kernberg)
51
Psychoanalysis
intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development
52
Free association
client says whatever comes to their conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or seemingly irrelevant it may appear to be
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Resistance
unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences
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Transference
attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient’s relations with significant others in the past
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Countertransference
full array of emotions experienced by the therapist toward the patient
56
more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations
neo-Freudian approach
57
Learned as people interact with their environment
Behaviorism
58
conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality
Dollard and Miller
59
personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
Skinner
60
Seligman
learned helplessness
61
Symptom substitution
new symptoms will develop to replace the old ones
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Phenomenological
internal processes rather than overt behavior
63
personality is dynamic and constantly changing
Lewin’s Field theory
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needs were organized hierarchically, ascending from basic needs to complex psychological needs
Maslow
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Self-actualization
need to realize one’s fullest potential
66
Peak experiences
profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects
67
individual as scientist; person devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in their life
Kelly
68
emphasize the process of finding meaning in one’s life
Humanistic-existential therapies
69
client-centered therapy (person-centered, nondirective)--freedom to control their own behavior
Rogers
70
human search for meaning to existence
Frankl
71
Type theorist
characterize people according to specific types of personality
72
Trait theorist
ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality
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behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive
Type A
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laid-back and relaxed
Type B
75
factor analysis; attempting to account for the underlying factors that determine personality; sixteen basic traits
Cattell
76
broad dimensions of personality were types followed by more specific traits; psychoticism
Eysenck
77
Cardinal traits
traits around which a person organizes their life (Allport)
78
Central traits
major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer
79
Secondary traits
personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
80
Functional autonomy
a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence
81
Idiographic
focuses on individual case studies
82
Nomothetic
focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals
83
McClelland
need for achievement
84
Field independence
capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (Witkin)
85
Field dependence
more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (Witkin)
86
Internal locus of control
belief that one can control their own destiny (Rotter)
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External locus of control
outside events and chance control destiny (Rotter)
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Machiavellian
someone who is manipulative and deceitful
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Androgyny
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine (Bem)
90
Mischel
human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person
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characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity
AD/HD
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neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social skills and communication skills as well as by repetitive behaviors
Autism spectrum
93
Tourette's disorders
characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics
94
Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)
”split mind”; characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought; Bleuler
95
Positive symptoms
behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior
96
Negative symptoms
absence of normal or desired behavior
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Delusions
false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
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Delusion of reference
belief that others are talking about them; common elements in the environment are directed at them
99
Delusions of persecution
deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
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Delusions of grandeur
they are a remarkable person
101
Thought broadcasting
belief that thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
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Thought insertion
belief that thoughts are inserted into one’s head
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Hallucinations
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
104
Disorganized thought
loosening of associations
105
Blunting
severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
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Flat affect
virtually no signs of affect expression
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affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech or ideation
Inappropriate affect
108
spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced or maintaining a rigid posture, refusing to be moved
Catatonic motor behavior
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Prodromal phase
clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences
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symptomatic behavior
Active phase
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development is slow and insidious
Process schizophrenia
112
symptoms are intense and sudden
Reactive schizophrenia
113
delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain or an oversensitivity to dopamine or too many receptors
Dopamine hypothesis
114
Double-bind hypothesis
as a child, the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from their primary caregiver
115
at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities
Major depressive disorder
116
major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania
Bipolar disorder (manic-depression)
117
Manic episodes
abnormal and persistent elevated mood; bipolar I
118
Hypomania
does not significantly impair functioning; bipolar II
119
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and cyclothymic disorder
less severe symptoms
120
too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, while too little leads to depression
Catecholamine theory of depression
121
depressed mood, anger, and physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
122
negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even in minor provocations
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
123
Phobia
irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
124
Specific phobias
anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation
125
Social anxiety disorder
anxiety that is due to social situations
126
Panic disorder
periods of intense fear or foreboding accompanied by a physiological fight-or-flight response
127
Generalized anxiety disorder
low-key sense of constant anxiety
128
repeated obsessions that produce tension and/or compulsions that cause significant impairment in a person’s life
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
129
developed as a reaction to a traumatic event
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
130
Somatoform disorders
presence of physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition
131
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
Conversion disorder (hysteria)
132
preoccupied with fears that they have a serious disease
Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)
133
Dissociative disorders
avoidance of stress by dissociating, or escaping from their identity
134
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences
135
Dissociative fugue
amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities
136
Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
137
person feels detached, like an outside observer of their mental processes and/or behavior
Depersonalization disorder
138
refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight
Anorexia nervosa
139
binge-eating accompanied by excessive attempts to compensate for it by purging, fasting, or excessive exercising
Bulimia nervosa
140
Personality disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impaired functioning
141
Schizoid personality disorder
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
142
grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, an exhibitonistic need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships
Narcissistic personality disorder
143
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image
Borderline personality disorder
144
Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathic or sociopathic disorder)
pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
145
Diathesis
predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder
146
Excessive stress operating on a person with a predisposition may lead to the development of the specific mental disorder
Diathesis-Stress Model
147
Primary Prevention
Efforts to seek and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness and to establish the conditions that foster mental health
148
possible to be judged sane if you are in an “insane place”
Rosenhan
149
labeling people as mentally ill is a way to force them to change and conform to societal norms rather than allowing them to attack the social causes of their problems; The Myth of Mental Illness
Szasz
