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Social Psych Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

effect of competition on performance; people perform better on familiar tasks in the presence of others

A

Triplett

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2
Q

McDougall and Ross

A

first textbooks

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3
Q

social approval influences behavior

A

Verplank

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4
Q

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

A

Reinforcement Theory

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5
Q

behavior learned through motivation

A

Social Learning Theorists (Bandura)

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6
Q

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill

A

Role Theory (Bindle)

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7
Q

people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes

A

Consistency Theories

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8
Q

Heider’s Balance Theory

A

balance exists when all three (P, O, and X) fit together harmoniously (one or three positives); without balance there will be stress (zero or two positives) and a tendency to remove stress to achieve balance

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9
Q

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in synch with your behavior

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10
Q

Free-choice dissonance

A

a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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11
Q

Post-decision dissonance

A

emerges after choosing

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12
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart

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13
Q

Forced-compliance dissonance

A

forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with beliefs or attitudes

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14
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

dissonance reduced by believing that they actually enjoyed the task

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15
Q

Minimal (insufficient) Justification effect

A

if external justification is minimal, one will reduce their dissonance by changing internal cognitions

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16
Q

Two main principles of Cognitive Dissonance

A

If a person is pressured to say or do something contrary to their attitudes, there will be a tendency to changes attitudes

The greater the pressure to comply, the less the attitude will change

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17
Q

Bem’s Self-Perception Theory

A

When attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself

People infer what their attitudes are based upon observation of their own behavior

A person’s initial attitude is irrelevant and there is no discomfort produced by behavior

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18
Q

Overjustification effect

A

if a person is rewarded for doing something they already like doing, they may stop liking it

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19
Q

Hovland’s Model

A

Communication of persuasion–three components (communicator, communication, and situation)

The more credible the source, the greater the persuasive impact

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20
Q

Hovland and Weiss

A

high credibility sources were more effective

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21
Q

Sleeper effect

A

over time, persuasive impact of high credibility source decreased while the persuasive impact of low credibility source increased

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22
Q

Two-sided messages

A

contain arguments for and against

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23
Q

Sources can increase credibility by arguing _____

A

against their own self-interest

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24
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Two routes to persuasion–central (issue is very important to us) and peripheral (not very important or we cannot clearly hear the message)

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25
strong arguments change minds more often than weak messages
Central persuasion
26
strength of argument doesn’t matter; how, by whom, or in what surroundings are more important
Peripheral persuasion
27
Resistance to Persuasion
McGuire--Analogy of Inoculation
28
Cultural truisms
beliefs that are seldom questioned
29
Refuted counterarguments
first presenting arguments against and then refuting the arguments
30
Belief perseverance
people will hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been shown to be false
31
Reactance
when sense of freedom is threatened, a person will act to reassert a sense of freedom
32
we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people
Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory
33
Need for self-evaluation becomes linked to the ___
need to affiliate
34
greater anxiety lead to a greater desire to affiliate
Schachter’s
35
Reciprocity Hypothesis
we tend to like people who indicate that they like us
36
Gain-loss principle
Aronson and Linder; evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant
37
a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another
Social Exchange Theory
38
we consider not only our costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person
Equity Theory
39
Need complementarity
people choose relationships so they mutually satisfy each other’s needs
40
tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people
Attractiveness stereotype
41
a greater liking is developed for someone that lives close by
Spatial proximity
42
mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it
Mere exposure hypothesis (Zajonc)
43
Helping behavior
behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people
44
Altruism
helping behavior that benefits someone else at some cost to themselves
45
Darley and Latane
Bystander Intervention; Kew Gardens; Kitty Genovese
46
Social influence
presence of others may lead to a different interpretation of events
47
Diffusion of responsibility
the more people present, the less the likelihood that any individual will offer help
48
ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another
Empathy
49
when faced with situations in which others may need help, people might feel distress and/or they might feel empathy
Batson’s empathy-altruism model
50
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
when people are frustrated, they act aggressively
51
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or through reinforcement Bobo doll experiment Aggressive behavior is selectively reinforced (act because of some reward)
52
Sherif’s Conformity Study
Autokinetic effect Norm formation Individuals conformed to the group
53
if you stare a point of light in an otherwise dark room, the light will appear to move
Autokinetic effect
54
Asch’s Conformity Study
Length of line study; no pressure to conform yet most did
55
Conformity
yielding to group pressure
56
Milgram’s Obedience Experiment
Confederate “received” shocks of increasing voltage for incorrect answers Obedience to authority measured by the maximum shock a subject would administer Two-thirds of the subjects were completely obedient Tension (distress) due to a conflict between deeply ingrained tenets not to hurt others and the equally compelling tendency to obey authority Drive to obey was stronger than the drive not to hurt
57
Compliance
change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure
58
Foot-in-the-door effect
Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request
59
Door-in-the-face effect
People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later, smaller request
60
Clark and Clark Doll Preference study
``` Majority of children (regardless of race) preferred the white doll Negative effects of racism and minority group status on self-concept Subsequent research (since the 60s) has shown that black children hold positive views of their own ethnicity ```
61
Salience
that which holds the most importance for us in each particular situation
62
The more salient the identity, the _____ to the role expectations of the identities
more we conform
63
Self-efficacy
individual’s belief in their ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior
64
Those with ____ exert more effort on challenging tasks
strong self-efficacy
65
Self-efficacy based on...
performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological and emotional states
66
ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people
Social perception
67
first impressions are more important
Primacy effect
68
Recency effect
most recent information we have about an individual is most important
69
Attribution theory
Tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
70
Dispositional causes
relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered Beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
71
Situational causes
external and relate to features of the surroundings | Threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure
72
when inferring the causes of others’ behaviors, there is a general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
Fundamental attribution error
73
Halo Effect
tendency to allow a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person
74
Belief in a just world
Lerner; good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people
75
Group norms
expectations of behavior in given situations
76
over time, students increasingly accepted the norms of their community
Newcomb’s study
77
Hall and Proxemics
Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from the people we’re speaking to
78
study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others
Proxemics
79
presence of others increases arousal and consequently enhances the emission of dominant responses
Zajonc’s theory
80
Social Loafing
tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually
81
Anonymity (Zimbardo’s prison simulation)
people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment
82
Deindividualization
loss of self-awareness and of personal identity
83
Janis
Group decision making
84
Groupthink
tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information
85
Risky shift
group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices
86
Value hypothesis
risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued
87
shift with group decisions toward caution; nature of the dilemma may determine the direction of the shift
Stoner
88
tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
Group polarization
89
Autocratic leadership style lead to:
more hostility, more aggressiveness, and more dependence on the leader; quantity of work was greatest; Lewin
90
Democratic leadership style lead to:
more satisfaction and more cohesion; motivation and interest were strongest; Lewin
91
Laissez-faire leadership style lead to:
less efficiency, less organization, and less satisfaction; Lewin
92
Cooperation
person’s acting together for their mutual benefit
93
Competition
a person acts for their individual benefit
94
Prisoner’s dilemma
Betray or remain silent Loss the most if they choose to cooperate and the other competes Gain the most if they compte and the other cooperates Lose the most if they both compete
95
Robber’s Cave experiment (Sherif)
Boys camp; group cohesion; outsider aggression; common goals brought them together, improved intergroup relations
96
Superordinate goals
best obtained through intergroup cooperation

GRE Psych (9 decks)

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