Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

break consciousness down into its elements or specific mental structures

Answer 1

Structuralism

Question 2

report on current conscious experiences

Answer 2

Introspection

Question 3

Reaction time

Answer 3

measurement of time elapsed between a stimulus presentation and the subject’s response to it

Question 4

Brain imaging

Answer 4

associate various cognitive processes to various parts of the brain

Question 5

Eye movements

Answer 5

an “on-line” measure of information processing

Question 6

memorize initial list, rememorize it, subtract the number of trials it took to rememoirze the list from the number it originally took, divide by the original number, and multiply by 100

Answer 6

Method of savings (Ebbinghaus)

Question 7

putting new information into memory

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

retaining the information over time

Answer 8

Storage

Question 9

recovery of the stored material at a later time

Answer 9

Retrieval

Question 10

Recall

Answer 10

independently reproducing the information that you have been previously exposed to

Question 11

Recognition

Answer 11

realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before

Question 12

Recency effect

Answer 12

words presented at the end of the list are remembered best

Question 13

Primacy effect

Answer 13

items presented first are also remembered fairly well

Question 14

model suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition

Answer 14

Generation-recognition

Question 15

Clustering

Answer 15

when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category

Question 16

Several different memory systems exist and each system has a different function; memories enter the various systems in a specific order

Answer 16

Stage Theory of Memory

Question 17

Sensory Memory

Answer 17

fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli
Iconic (visual) memory and Echoic (auditory) memory
Information does not last long

Question 18

Whole-report procedure

Answer 18

subjects looked for a fraction of a second to recall as many items as they could

Question 19

Partial-report procedure

Answer 19

subjects looked for a fraction of a second, but were asked to report only one row of letters (identified by a low, medium, or high pitched tone)

Question 20

Short-Term Memory

Answer 20

link between rapidly changing sensory memory and the more lasting long-term memory; encoding based on phonology

Question 21

constant rehearsing of information

Answer 21

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 22

Long-Term Memory

Answer 22

permanent storehouse of experiences, knowledge, and skills; encoding based on meaning

Question 23

organizing the material and associating it with information already in long-term memory

Answer 23

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 24

remembering how things are done

Answer 24

Procedural memory

Question 25

storage of explicit information

Answer 25

Declarative memory

Question 26

Semantic memory

Answer 26

remembering general knowledge

Question 27

Episodic memory

Answer 27

memories for particular events

Question 28

Semantic priming

Answer 28

subject has to decide whether a stimulus is a word or a nonword; response time quicker if the two words were semantically related

Question 29

time it takes a subject to respond

Answer 29

Response latency

Question 30

Spreading activation model

Answer 30

semantic memory is organized into a map of interconnected concepts; key is the distance between concepts (Collins and Loftus)

Question 31

Semantic feature-comparison model

Answer 31

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; key is amount of overlap in the feature lists (Smith, Shoben, and Rips)

Question 32

Levels-of-Processing (depth-of-processing) Theory

Answer 32

How long you will remember material is not what memory system it gets into, but the way in which you process the material; deeper the processing, and the greater the effort, the better memory of the material will be (Craik and Lockhart)

Question 33

focusing on appearance, size, and shape of the information

Answer 33

Physical (visual)

Question 34

focusing on the sound combinations words have

Answer 34

Acoustical

Question 35

focusing on the meaning of the word

Answer 35

Semantic

Question 36

Information can be stored (or encoded) in two different ways: visually and verbally

Answer 36

Paivio’s Dual-Code Hypothesis

Question 37

Decay theory

Answer 37

if the information in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten

Question 38

Inhibition theory

Answer 38

forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and the later attempted recall

Question 39

what was learned earlier interferes with what you learn later

Answer 39

Proactive inhibition

Question 40

forget what was learned earlier as something new is learned

Answer 40

Retroactive inhibition

Question 41

assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding

Answer 41

Encoding specificity

Question 42

recall will be better if you psychological or physical state at the time of recall is the same as your state when you memorized the material

Answer 42

State-dependent learning

Question 43

associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar

Answer 43

Method of Loci

Question 44

prior knowledge and expectations influence recall

Answer 44

Bartlett

Question 45

Zeigarnik Effect

Answer 45

Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

Question 46

Mental set

Answer 46

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

Question 47

Functional fixedness

Answer 47

inability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way

Question 48

cognitive ability that results in new ways of viewing problems or situations

Answer 48

Creativity

Question 49

Divergent thinking

Answer 49

thinking that involves producing as many creative answers to a question as possible (Guilford)

Question 50

Heuristics

Answer 50

shortcuts or rules of thumb (Kahneman and Tversky)

Question 51

Availability heuristic

Answer 51

use the information most readily available in memory to make our decisions

Question 52

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 52

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

Question 53

Base-rate fallacy

Answer 53

using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous

Question 54

smallest sound units of language

Answer 54

Phonemes

Question 55

smallest units of meaning in a language

Answer 55

Morphemes

Question 56

actual word order of the words in a sentence

Answer 56

Surface structure

Question 57

underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence

Answer 57

Deep (abstract) structure

Question 58

tell us how we can change one structure into another

Answer 58

Transformational rules

Question 59

Whorfian Hypothesis (linguistic relativity)

Answer 59

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language

Question 60

individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor

Answer 60

Spearman

Question 61

Primary mental abilities

Answer 61

Thurstone

Question 62

three aspects to intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual

Answer 62

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

Question 63

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 63

Gardner

Question 64

Fluid intelligence

Answer 64

ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions from them; increases through adolescence before declining with advanced age (Cattell)

Question 65

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 65

ability to understand relationships or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences; increases throughout lifespan (Cattell)

Question 66

intelligence as measured by IQ tests was almost entirely genetic in nature

Answer 66

Jensen