presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior to decrease likelihood of behavior occurring again
positive punishment
4 types of positive punishment:
- Overcorrection
- Contingent Exercises
- Guided compliance
- Physical restraint
Client required to engage in effortful bx for period of time contingent on pb
Overcorrection:
Two types of Overcorrection:
- Positive practice
2. Restitution
Client has to engage in correct forms of relevant bx contingent on pb
Positive practice
Contingent on pb, client has to correct environmental effects of pb and restore environment to condition better than existed prior to pb
Restitution
Ex:
Errors on spelling tests=write the misspelled words 10 times each
Positive Practice
Ex:
Child writes on walls=has to clean wall wrote on AND other walls in room
Restitution
Client made to engage in some form of physical exercise contingent on pb; must be physical activity that client can engage in independently
Contingent exercise
Ex:
Johnny swearing in front of little brother = had to clean windows in house for 10 mins
Contingent exercise
during an instructional situation, if individual engages in pb, individual is guided physically though the instructional situation contingent on pb; once initiated, if pb stops and compliance starts, physical guidance withdrawn
Guided compliance
Ex:
Dad ask child to pick up toys-> child screams “NO” = dad asks her to pick up toys and physically guides her to pick up each toy
Guided Compliance
contingent on pb, change agent hold immobile part of clients body that is involved in the pb; while being physically restrained, client cannot engage in pb or other bx; change agent does not interact with individual when implementing physical restraint
Physical restraint
Student w/ IDD engage in ongoing and continuous physical aggression toward peer = teacher holds students arms down for 1 min
Physical restraint
Considerations when applying positive punishment:
- Only used when change agent can implement physical guidance
- Ready for client resisting physical guidance and still follow through with procedure
- Physical guidance used is not a reinforcer
- Procedure will not result in harm to client or change agent
- Caregivers must be trained to fluency to implement physical restraint in safe way and must follow state laws for its use and evaluation
Rarely used types of aversive stimulation as positive punishment:
- Severe eye gouging = water mist to face contingent on bx
- Self hairpulling = aversive noise or smell contingent on bx
Most common type of aversive stimulation as positive punishment:
Restitution
Ethics in using Punishment:
- Informed consent
- Alternative treatment
- Recipient Safety
- Problem severity
- Implementation guidlines
- Training & supervision
- Peer review
