Questions Flashcards
(38 cards)
where is CIN most likely to arise
the transformation zone at the squamo-columnar junction
how long is the female urethra
4cm
at what stage of pregnancy does the uterus rise out of the pelvis
12 weeks
describe some of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy
an increase in plasma volume by 50% resulting a physiological anaemia.
Blood pressure decreases from second trimester due to vasodilatation.
Glomerular filtration increases to cope with the additional load of the fetus, resulting in a decrease in creatinine and urea levels.
Due to increase 30-45% increase in cardiac output, systolic ejection murmurs are common.
Thromboembolism increase in pregnancy due to the thrombophilic state resulting from haemostatic and fibrinolytic changes
how long does the vagina measure
8cm
where does the pudendal nerve pass in relation to the ischail spine
The pudendal nerve passes behind and below the ischial spine
where does the ovarian artery arise
the aorta
in preeclampsia what is defined as significant proteinuria
more than 300mg/L
a small for gestational age baby is one which has an abdominal cicumferance below which centile
10th
what factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer
PCOS
diabetes
obesity
what weight is defines as macrosomia
birthweight more than 4 kg regardless of gestational age
what incontinence medication should not be used in frail elderly people
oxybutinin
use tolteridine instead
what is adenomyosis
endometrial tissue within the myometrium
how is adenomysosis diagnosed
MRI pelvis
what is the combined test for down’s syndrome and when in pregnancy is it done
nuchal translucecny on ultrasound scan + bHCG and PAPP-A
recommended at 10-14 weeks
in down’s syndrome PAPP-A is low and bHCG is high
what is the quadruple test for down;s syndrome and when is it done in pregnancy
Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol, beta-hCG and inhibin A.
In pregnancies with Down Syndrome, AFP and unconjugated oestriol are low and beta-hCG and inhibin A are raised.
done if combined test window missed - weeks 14-20
what changes on a CTG would be termed pre terminal and thus require emergency caesarian
terminal bradycardia - HR below 100 for more than 10 minutes
terminal decelerations - HR drops and does not recover within 3 minutes
who gets anti D give prophylactially in pregnancy at at what gestations
given to Rh neg mothers what have not been senstitised ad 28-34 weeks
how should you managed a pregnant woman who comes into contact with chicken pox and is unsure if they have had it before
check varicella IgM and IgG if IgG neg it suggests never having had it
give varicella immunoglobulin if there is doubt about immunity
do not give vaccine as it is live attenuated and there is a small risk of causing chicken pox
how do you manage a women who has a high vaginal swab postivie for GBS during pregnancy
do not need to treat immediately
give IV benzylpenicillin during delivery “intrapartum”
how long should magnesium sulphate be continue in pre eclampsia
either 24 hours after delivery or 24 hours after last seizure
what drugs are safe in breastfeeding
antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, trimethoprim
endocrine: glucocorticoids (avoid high doses), levothyroxine*
epilepsy: sodium valproate, carbamazepine
asthma: salbutamol, theophyllines
psychiatric drugs: tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics**
hypertension: beta-blockers, hydralazine
anticoagulants: warfarin, heparin
digoxin
what drugs are contraindicated in breastfeeding
Lithium Aspirin Methotrexate Benzos Amioderone Sulphonylureas Tetracyclines 4Cs- Carbimazole, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Cytotoxics
Rokitansky’s protuberance.
Dermoid cyst/teratoma
