Radiology+Social determinants

Question 0

e-densities are?

Answer 0

how many x-rays get through an object

Question 1

x-rays convert silver halide crystals to what?

Answer 1

silver (black)

Question 2

order the following in least to most e-dense: contrast agents, soft tissue, calcium, fat, air, metal

Answer 2

air, fat,

Question 3

Can you distinguish chambers of the heart? why?

Answer 3

Can’t cause same e-densities

Question 4

PA CXR, heart closer to what?

Answer 4

film

Question 5

what’s so great about being erect during a PA CXR?

Answer 5

can determine pleural fluid of blood flow distribution in lungs

Question 6

What do you find in the superior mediastinum?6 things

Answer 6

aortic arch
SVC and vessels
oesophagus
trachea
vagus
lymph nodes

Question 7

Whats in the anterior mediastinum? 3 things

Answer 7

fat
thymus
lymph nodes

Question 8

what’s in the middle/pericardium?

Answer 8

heart
great vessels
phrenic nerves
lymph nodes

Question 9

what’s in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 9

oesophagus, 
descending aorta
azygous vein
thoracic duct
lymph nodes

Question 10

What happens when you have fluid in the pleural spaces on CXR?

Answer 10

fluid sinks to bases, air rises to apices

Question 11

CXR by itself is good enough?

Answer 11

need to relate to clinical findings

Question 12

CT scan doesn’t use film, what does it use?

Answer 12

radiation detector

Question 13

What kind of contrast agent used in CT?

Answer 13

iodine or barium

Question 14

what are Hounsfield Units?

Answer 14

Grey Scale numerical for anatomical parts

Question 15

T/F CT has poorer spatial resolution than plain X-rays?

Answer 15

True!

Question 16

What’s the number one things that make CT better than x-rays?

Answer 16

better contrast resolution

Question 17

Can you ever see the aortic root/valve, pulmonary trunk, L atrium, IVC, R pulmonary artery, stomach on CXR?

Answer 17

Nope. But you can on CT! Even more so with contrast dye

Question 18

Post processing to view the image can be done 3 ways:

Answer 18

different planes
windows
3D virtual model

Question 19

You can view lungs vs. bones vs. heart with a touch of a button by changing these two things:

Answer 19

Brightness and Contrast

Question 21

2 cons for CT:

Answer 21

ionizing radiation

expensive

Question 22

Choose one:
a stressful bad job
or
out of work

Answer 22

out of work.

Question 23

How many TB deaths per year in the world?

Answer 23

1.4 million

Question 24

How does TB affect women epidemiologically?

Answer 24

top 3 causes of death in women in develping world

Question 25

17-18th century, increase TB associated with rapid what?

Answer 25

industrialization

urbanisation (crowded, dense, nutrition)

Question 26

What is DOTS in terms of TB?

Answer 26

Directly observed treatment short course

Question 27

WHO’s TB strategy had a great biomedical approach but was lacking something:

Answer 27

addressing population vulnerabilities/underlying factors

Question 28

increase in TB in eastern europe in the 90s explained by:

Answer 28

economic decline
failure of health services
alcoholism
poor nutrition

Question 29

How is TB risk affected by social-economic gradient?

Answer 29

richer = less TB
poorer = more TB

Question 30

malnutrition as a risk factor for TB is not only not enough food:

Answer 30

obesity

Question 31

Draw me a causal pathway for TB using 3 elements discussed

Answer 31

Poverty>proximate factors>TB risk

Question 32

direct markers of poverty include 2 things:

Answer 32

malnutrition

indoor air pollution

Question 33

Smoking prevalence is higher where?

Answer 33

lower SES groups

Question 34

Poverty ill health cycle, explain

Answer 34

start off poor: hunger, malnutrition, no shelter, illiteracy, no sanitation leads to ill-health then leads to loss of income/labour which leads back to poverty.

Question 35

TB treatment trifecta for developing world?

Answer 35

new medical technologies
collaboration between TB and other health programs
multisectoral approaches for improving overall SES