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Jason's Respiratory Block > Obstructive/Restrictive > Flashcards

Obstructive/Restrictive Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is all about the _______ of disease

A

MECHANISM

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2
Q

Basic and Systematic pathology is learned where?

A

textbook

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3
Q

Clinical pathology is applying what?

A

interpret findings of the basic and systematic pathology

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4
Q

6 ‘levels’ of disease

A 
Molecular
ultrastructural
cells
tissues/organs
physiological system
society
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5
Q

I DIVINE TIME: Go!

A 
infectious
degenerative
inflamm/immune
vascular
iatrogenic (drugs,sx, radiation)
neoplastic
environment
trauma
idiopathic
metabolic
endocrine
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6
Q

4 things contained in the acinus of the lung:

A

Respiratory bronchiole
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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7
Q

3 characteristics of obstructive/restricitve lung diseases?

A

chronic
diffuse
non-infectious

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8
Q

COPD is made up of 3 diseases:

A

Emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma

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9
Q

Is bronchiectasis COPD?

A

Separate disease

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10
Q

2 word definition of asthma?

A

reversible bronchoconstriction

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11
Q

Is asthma diagnosed histologically?

A

Nope, clinical/physiological

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12
Q

T/F? Ventolin helps decrease mucus production, vascular permeability, and bronchospasm?

A

False. Only bronchospasm.

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13
Q

How do you treat late phase asthma?

A

Corticosteroids

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14
Q

What is late phase asthma?

A

chemotaxis of eosinophils/lymphocytes, inflammation/epithelial damage

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15
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

alveoli collapse

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16
Q

severe chronic asthma causes airway remodelling which means what?

A

fibrosis and irreversible obstruction

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17
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

right sided heart failure

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18
Q

Emphysema definition is?

A

Abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole (acinus)

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19
Q

Emphysema has fibrosis?

A

NOPE! destruction of alveolar wall without fibrosis

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20
Q

Cigarette smoking causes centriacinar? or panacinar?

A

Centriacinar

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21
Q

What’s the mechanism of damage for tobacco to alveoli

A

Smoke–> draws neutrophils to area–> release neutrophil elastase –>tobacco inactivates antiproteases–>build up of elastase–>damage alveoli

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22
Q

How does Emphysema cause airway obstruction?

A

Loss of elastic recoil due to too much elastase from neutrophils. Become FLOPPY.

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23
Q

What’s the main complication of Emphysema?

A

Airflow obstruction

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24
Q

3 forms of Emphysema?

A

bullous
compensatory
interstitial

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25
Q

Chronic Bronchitis clinical definition?

A

persistent cough productive of sputum for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

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26
Q

What’s the number one cause of Chronic Bronchitis?

A

chronic irritation from cigarette smoke

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27
Q

features of Chronic Bronchitis?

A

more mucus

airway inflamm, scarring, narrowing

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28
Q

How do you get more mucus with Chronic Bronchitis?

A

hypertrophy of mucus secreting glands (>0.4 Reid index)

some increased goblet cells

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29
Q

Do you get fibrosis in Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Yes.

30
Q

What’s so dangerous about squamous metaplasia?

A

risk of neoplasms

31
Q

Why would the columnar cells turn into squamous?

A

squamous more tough, but no cilia

32
Q

What’s the number one complication in Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Secondary bacterial infections

33
Q

Secondary complications in Chronic Bronchitis?

A

hypoxis/pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale, neoplasia

34
Q

Where does small airways disease affect?

A

terminal bronchioles (<2mm)

35
Q

Is small airways disease part of COPD?

A

Yes, important

36
Q

What are the features of small airways disease?

A

inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction of terminal bronchioles

37
Q

> 90% of COPD caused by:

A

Smoking

38
Q

COPD is a group of 3 conditions:

A

Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Small Airways Disease (‘asthma’)

39
Q

Exacerbations of COPD are usually cause by what?

A

Infections: bacterial

40
Q

infections in pink puffer?

A

occasional, not as much as blue bloater

41
Q

CXR of pink puffer is?

A

hyperinflated, small heart

42
Q

pink puffer is emphysema or chronic bronchitis?

A

emphysema

43
Q

Age of blue bloaters?

A

40-45

44
Q

Dypnea of pink puffer?

A

severe, early

45
Q

cough/sputum of blue bloater?

A

early/ lots of sputum

46
Q

Repiratory insufficiency of blu bloater?

A

repeated

47
Q

cor pulmonale in pink puffer?

A

rare: terminal

48
Q

airway resistance in blue bloater?

A

increased

49
Q

elastic recoil in pink puffer?

A

low

50
Q

CXR of blue bloater?

A

prominent vessels

large heart

51
Q

elastic recoil in blue bloater?

A

normal

52
Q

airway resistance in pink puffer?

A

normal

53
Q

cor pulmonale in blue bloater?

A

common

54
Q

respiratory insufficiency in pink puffer?

A

terminal

55
Q

infections in blue blue bloater?

A

common

56
Q

age of pink puffer?

A

50-75

57
Q

blue bloater is emphysema or chronic bronchitis?

A

chronic bronchitis

58
Q

Smoking causes what % of cancer and CVD?

A

15-30%

59
Q

Drug related deaths due to:
__% cigarettes
__% alcohol
__% illicit drugs

A

82%
16%
2%

60
Q

COPD is on the decline?

A

Nope, on the rise

61
Q

Smoking related deaths:
Atherosclerosis:
Lung Cancer
COPD

A

35%
18%
20%

62
Q

4 reasons why smoking predisposes to pulmonary infections

A

inhibition of mucociliary escalator
increase mucus
inhibit leukocyte function
direct damage to epithelial later

63
Q

Define bronchiectasis

A

irreversible, abnormal dilation of bronchi/bronchioles

64
Q

Bronchiectasis happens how? 3 reasons

A

destruction of airways from infections/inflamm
loss of elastic tissue
can’t clear out crap

65
Q

Cilia disorders, CF, obstruction/infections can all cause what in the lungs?

A

Bronchiectasis

66
Q

How do you get a very severe infection in the lungs that antibiotics can’t even really help much?

A

mucous plug AND infection behind it = a bad day

67
Q

What is the defining feature of restrictive lung disease?

A

Inflammation and fibrosis the inter alveolar septa

68
Q

What does restrictive lung disease look like on chest x-ray?

A

Diffuse reticule-nodular

groundglass patterns

69
Q

what you see in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

usual interstitial pneumonitis

70
Q

What is the mean survival for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Three years

Jason's Respiratory Block (20 decks)

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