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Jason's Respiratory Block > Viral Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Viral Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways for viruses to be maintained in nature?

A
  1. shed into environment
  2. vector: insect, needle
  3. congenitally
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2
Q

a systemic viral infection is worse than a local ? T/F?

A

False. Not correlated with severity

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3
Q

Explain tropism

A

anatomical localization of infection (initially determined by receptor specificity

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4
Q

What’s parenteral inoculation?

A

via mosquito or bite

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5
Q

What determines initial site of virus deposition in the airways? Explain

A

droplet size.
>10um= nose
5-10um = airways
<5um = alveoli

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6
Q

What the body temp in nose vs. lung bases?

A

33 degrees nose

37 degrees lung bases

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7
Q

Rhinovirus spreads from initial site?

A

Nope. localised

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8
Q

3 viruses that spread from infection site?

A

MMR baby. and varicella

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9
Q

3 viruses that stay localised?

A

rhino
influenza
resp syncytial virus (RSV)

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10
Q

What kind of cytopathic effect could RSV have on lungs?

A

presence of giant cells

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11
Q

How does measles infect you?

A

breath it in
replicate in epithelials of URT
infects Macros, lymphos, DCs into lymphnodes
circulate and amplify and go back to lungs and mouth

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12
Q

How are HIV and measles similar?

A

both cause immunosuppression

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13
Q

What are koplick spots?

A

measles initial replication causes aggregations of lymphocytes

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14
Q

T/F? Viruses that infect GI have an envelope for more protection?

A

FALSE YO! are acid and bile resistant, no envelope

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15
Q

What does rotavirus cause?

A

diarrhea

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16
Q

two viruses that infect GI but spread

A

Hep A

polio

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17
Q

HIV and Hep B don’t have receptors for epithelial cells, how would they enter?

A

abrasions/breach via rectal route

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18
Q

What’s an M cell?

A

kinda like a DC cell but in the GI, they’re the sentinels in the GI sampling and presenting to underlying lyphoid tissue

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19
Q

how many shells does rotavirus have? why?

A

triple shelled to withstand the GI environment

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20
Q

What does rotavirus do to you?

A

infects GI, destroys M cells, epithelial cells, inflammation, gastroenteritis

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21
Q

Rota virus causes diarrhea, how is it amplified or dangerous to children?

A

dehydration

NSP4 protein increases fluid secretion

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22
Q

What’s the difference between primary and secondary viremia?

A

primary: in circulation amplifying
secondary: reaches target tissues

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23
Q

Name a systemic virus that infects meninges

A

enteroviruses

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24
Q

Name a systemic virus that infects CNS

A

polio

coxsackie

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25
Q

Name a systemic virus that infects skin

A

group A coxsackie (hand/foot/mouth)

echovirus

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26
Q

Name a systemic virus that infects muscle

A

Group B coxsackieviruses

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27
Q

What virus enters transcutaneously?

A

papillomavirus

HepB,C,HIV

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28
Q

What viruses from insect/animal bites?

A

dengue virus - fever, rash, poly arthritis

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29
Q

conjunctiva route is rare, what viruses can enter this way?

A

adenovirus
enterovirus 70
HSV

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30
Q

What’s the mechnism of spread of a virus?

A 
epithelium
lymph capillary
vein
lymph node
circulation
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31
Q

in primary viremia, where is the virus

A

free in plasma

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32
Q

in secondary viremia, it infects vascular endothelium or release in large amount from what two organs?

A

liver

spleen

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33
Q

How is viremia managed by the immune system? how long?

A

macrophages to the rescue! take 1-2 weeks

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34
Q

What is cell-associated viremia?

A

spread via the immune system
HIV - CD4
measles/dengue: monocytes

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35
Q

what does smallpox do to a fetus?

A

it’s cytocidal, death and abortion

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36
Q

what do non cytocidal viruses do to foetuses? 2 examples?

A

developmental abnormalities: rubella, cytomegalovirus

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37
Q

what can infect a baby in the birth canal? 4 things:

A

herpes simplex, varicella, CMV

coxsackie B from faeces

38
Q

What does congenital rubella syndrome do?

A

slows down cell division

39
Q

4 consequences of congenital rubella syndrome?

A
  1. microcephaly
  2. heart defects
  3. cataracts
  4. deafness
40
Q

How does polarized release determine tropism of viruses?

A

those viruses that prefer apical release are less likely to infect deep layers

41
Q

What virus needs tryptase from Clara cells?

A

influenza

42
Q

what is a cytocidal virus? 2 examples

A

death from direct viral replication

  1. rotavirus
  2. poliovirus
43
Q

what can rhinovirus do to lungs in terms of affecting their function?

A

cilial stasis can predispose to second bacterial infection

44
Q

What is immunopathology in terms of viruses?

A

immune system collateral damage

45
Q

2 kinds of antibody mediated pathology:

A
  1. Ab-dependent enhancement of infection

2. antigen-Ab complexes

46
Q

What is Ab-dependent enhancement of infection? example?

A

Dengue hemorrhagic, infects macrophages

47
Q

What is antigen-Ab complexes? how is it bad?

A

big ass complexes deposit in kidney causing glomerulonephritis/vasculitis

48
Q

what can cause antigen-Ab complexes?

A

Hep. B

49
Q

Measles rash is cause by what mediated pathology?

A

CD4 T-cell-mediated responses

50
Q

CD4 T-cell-mediated responses for viral immunopathology. What happens?

A

Cytokines and eosinophils recruitment can cause bronchiolitis in infants with RSV

51
Q

What is RSV?

A

respiratory syncytial virus

52
Q

What virus causes CD8 T-cell mediated responses?

A

Hep B.

53
Q

HepB does what in terms of CD8 T-cell mediated response?

A

hepatocyte lysis

54
Q

What are signs of liver damage in hep B?

A

yellow eyes, skin

55
Q

How does the eyes and skin turn yellow in liver damage with Hep B?

A

excess bilirubin in tissues as it’s not secreted into bile from old heme

56
Q

Can viruses cause autoimmunity? how?

A

yes via molecular mimicry

57
Q

2 examples of a virus mediated autoimmunity?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome for nerves

coxsackie B4 for heart muscle

58
Q

What Interleukin does measles suppress?

A

IL-12

59
Q

What does Type 1 IFN a/B mainly target? what does it activate?

A

target dsRNA viruses

NK cells

60
Q

What does Type 2 IFN-y come from? what does it do?

A

made by NK cells
enhance MHC class I and II
activated Macros

61
Q

How would a virus evade T or B-cells? examples?

A

Latency
HSV in T-cells
EBV in B-cells

62
Q

How would a virus evade antibodies? examples?

A

antigenic drift like flu and HIV

63
Q

How would a virus evade T-cell recognition? 3 things

A 
antigenic variation
inhibit viral peptide presentation
decrease MHC class I (HIV, RSV, adeno)
64
Q

How does viral antigenic drift happen?

A

spontaneously through RNA errors

65
Q

How would HIV evade CD8 recognition?

A

induces endocytosis of MHC class I and mess with the CTL epitope

66
Q

What viral protein binds to cytosolic side of TAP transporter to evade CD8?

A

HSV (herpes simplex)

67
Q

What viral protein binds to luminal side of TAP transporter to evade CD8?

A

CMV

68
Q

What is TAP?

A

transporter of antigen and peptides

69
Q

What does adenovirus do to MHC peptide complex?

A

anchors in the ER so it can’t do diddly squat

70
Q

what virus inhibits proteosomes?

A

EBV

71
Q

Is NK cell a B-cell? or a T-cell?

A

Neither, own distinct lineage

72
Q

NK cells are a major source of what?

A

IFN-y

73
Q

What cytokines activated NK cells?

A

IL-12

IFNa/b

74
Q

I’m getting a lot of varicella and CMV infections… what’s up doc?

A

you might have a NK cell deficiency

75
Q

NK cells are part of innate or adaptive immune system?

A

innate

76
Q

Do NK cells need an antigen to activate?

A

Nope, could be stress protein or heat shock proteins too

77
Q

How many signals do NK cells need to kill?

A

Two

  1. first is the check
  2. 2nd is the inhibitory (without it, it will kill)
78
Q

NK cell inhibitory receptor binds to what?

A

MHC class I of target cell

79
Q

What happens to viruses that cause reduction of MHC class I expression?

A

evade CD8 but more susceptible to NK killing

80
Q

What virus encodes an MHC class I-like molecule to avoid NK cell killing?

A

Human CMV cytomegalovirus

81
Q

What is PKR? how is it activated?

A

activated by IFN, helps to inhibit translation of viral proteins

82
Q

What does PKR need to be activated? 2 things

A 
viral dsRNA (long enough)
autophosphorylation
83
Q

what is a viral evasion technique to get around IFN and PKR? which viruses?

A

abundant small bits of RNA that bind to PKR but not lengthy enough to activate PKR
EBV/adenovirus

84
Q

What does vaccinia and reovirus do to avoid PKR activation?

A

Virus proteins bind to dsRNA to prevent PKR activation

85
Q

What competes with PKR for eIF2a activation to stop viral translation of proteins?

A

Vaccinia

86
Q

If you are resistant to HIV, what could be causing it?

A

You may be missing the CCR5 secondary binding receptor

87
Q

What Ig class are viruses susceptible to?

A

IgA

88
Q

4 kinds of genetic factors influencing susceptibility to viral infections?

A

inherited defects (no Ig class)
MHC polymorphisms
interferon-inducible genes
receptor genes

89
Q

4 kinds of non-genetic factors influencing susceptibility to viral infections?

A

Age
malnutrition
preg/hormones/males
dul infections

90
Q

4 outcomes of viral infections

A

fatal
full recovery
recovery but permanent damage
persistent infection

Jason's Respiratory Block (20 decks)

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