regulation 4

Question 1

Humoral control of the vasculature

Answer 1

1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 2

What is the Primary system for long-term control of blood pressure?

Answer 2

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

Question 3

renin release is stimulated by

Answer 3

sympathetic stimulation, decreased blood pressure in renal artery, and decreased Na+ reabsorption

Question 4

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) function

Answer 4

cleaves angiotensin I to Angiotensin II (AII)

Question 5

A2 is a

Answer 5

vasoconstrictor

Question 6

ACE inhibitors & Angiotensin II receptor blockers = Therapeutics for treatment of

Answer 6

hypertension & heart failure

Question 7

direct effects of AII (A2)

Answer 7

systemic vasoconstriction via binding to GPCRs on VSMCs.

Question 8

indirect effects of AII (A2)

Answer 8

Stimulates sympathetic activity and release of aldosterone, endothelin, and ADH

Question 9

aldosterone is a

Answer 9

steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

Question 10

aldosterone functions to

Answer 10

1. promote reabsorption of Na and water in the kidney collecting duct
2. increased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 11

anti-diuretic hormones are

Answer 11

1. ADH
2. arginine vasopressin

they are peptide hormones

Question 12

anti-diuretic hormones are formed in the

Answer 12

hypothalamus and released by pituitary

Question 13

anti-diuretic hormones release is stimulated by

Answer 13

1. hypovolemia
2. hypotension
3. high osmolaroty
4. angiotensin II
5. sympathetic stimulation

Question 14

anti-diuretic hormones functions

Answer 14

1. Increases water reabsorption in kidney

2. Can also bind to receptors in vasculature to cause vasoconstriction.

Question 15

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is released by the

Answer 15

atria (mostly right) in response to stretch

Question 16

ANP functions

Answer 16

1. Long-term regulation of Na+ and water balance

2. increases glomerular filtration rate and secretion of Na+ and water (natriuresis and diuresis).

Question 17

ANP mechanism

Answer 17

1. ANP binds to Natriuretic Peptide Receptors

2. Receptor guanylate cyclases (not GPCRs), produce cGMP

Question 18

natriuretic means

Answer 18

sodium excretion

Question 19

Integrated Responses of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 19

1. Gravity
2. Exercise
3. Hemorrhage

Question 20

Immediate Effects of Standing

Answer 20

1. Right atrial pressure drops
2. Venous pressure in legs increases
3. Blood pools in veins

Question 21

Secondary Effects of Standing

Answer 21

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) causes:
1. net capillary filtration
2. increased interstitial fluid
3. decreased blood volume
(which leads to decreased mean arterial pressure)

Question 22

What decreases with age?

Answer 22

1. Spontaneous AP firing rate in Sinoatrial Myocytes
2. max heart rate
3. intrinsic hr

Question 23

why do vasoactive metabolites result in increased extracellular K+?

Answer 23

Na+/K+-ATPase can’t keep up, so K+ accumulates in interstitial space

Question 24

What is a counter part to adenylate cyclase?

Answer 24

Phosphodiesterases

Question 25

HCN functions

Answer 25

Promotes excitability and spontaneous action potentials

Question 26

HCN expressed in

Answer 26

Highly expressed in sinoatrial myocytes

Question 27

HCN activity increased by

Answer 27

sympathetic stimulation via cAMP binding

Question 28

NCX serve to

Answer 28

remove Ca2+ from cytoplasm

Question 29

NCX promote

Answer 29

excitability and spontaneous action potentials