ANS

Question 1

Homeostasis:

Answer 1

Maintaining a stable internal environment within a narrow physiological range amid changing external conditions

Question 2

Inputs to preganglionic neurons:

Answer 2

1. Nucleus of the solitary tract (in medulla): conveys visceral sensory input
2. Other brainstem nuclei: convey environmental stimuli
3. Hypothalamus (in forebrain): conveys internal goals/states

Question 3

The ANS consists of 3 subdivisions

Answer 3

1. sympathetic (flight or fight)
2. parasymp (rest/digest)
3. enteric (semi autonomous control of digestion)

Question 4

Preganglionic: neurotransmitter:

Answer 4

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 5

Postganglionic:
Sympathetic: neurotransmitter

Answer 5

Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine

Question 6

Postganglionic Parasympathetic: neurotransmitter

Answer 6

ACh

Question 7

Neurotransmitter Receptors:

ACh:

Answer 7

nicotinic vs. muscarinic

Question 8

Neurotransmitter Receptors:

NE:

Answer 8

α- and β-adrenergic

Question 9

Adrenal medulla – functionally, a sympathetic ganglion

Answer 9

1. Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
2. Releases norepinephrine and epinephrine into bloodstream
3. Widespread sympathomimetic effects (e.g., increased heart rate)

Question 10

Cardiovascular regulation by the nervous system

Answer 10

1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic control of heart rate and force of contraction
2. Baroreceptor reflex
3. Humoral response to low blood pressure

Question 11

ANS regulation of heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 11

1. sympathetic stimulation

2. parasympathetic stimulation

Question 12

ANS sympathetic stim

Answer 12

(via increased NE) –

1. increases blood pressure
2. Increase in heart rate and contractile force
3. Constriction of blood vessels

Question 13

ANS parasympathetic stimulation

Answer 13

(via increased ACh) –

1. decreases blood pressure
2. Decrease in heart rate and
3. decreases contractile force

Question 14

Physiological significance of receptor subtypes

Answer 14

1. Sympathomimetic drugs

2. Parasympathomimetic drugs

Question 15

Sympathomimetic drugs function to

Answer 15

mimic sympathetic activation

Question 16

Sympathomimetic drugs examples

Answer 16

Atropine

Question 17

Atropine is a _____

Answer 17

muscarinic (M2) antagonist in heart

Question 18

atropine does what?

Answer 18

increase HR

Question 19

Parasympathomimetic drugs function to:

Answer 19

mimic parasympathetic activation

Question 20

propranolol results in?

Answer 20

decreases heart rate