4 processes involved in respiration?
- pulmonary ventilation/ breathing
- external respiration
- transport of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
What makes up the upper respiratory system? lower?
- nose, pharynx, larynx
- trachea, bronchi/ bronchioles, alveoli
Function of the nose?
- provides airway
- moistens and warms air
- filters air
- resonating chamber for speech
- houses olfactory receptors
Purpose of meatuses?
to increase the contact between the nasal mucosa and inspired air
What structure subdivides the nasal cavity?
conchae
2 types of mucous membranes?
Olfactory mucosa
- near roof of nasal cavity
- houses olfactory/ smell receptors
Respiratory mucosa
- lines nasal cavity
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar
- goblet cells
What connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus?
pharynx
Passageway in which only air enters?
nasopharynx
-closed off during swallowing by uvula
Which type of epithelium lines nasopharynx?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Purpose of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
destroy entering pathogens from air
Passageway for both food and air?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Functions of the larynx?
- Voice production
- Provides open airway
- Routes air and food into proper channels via epiglottis
What effects the pitch of our voice? the loudness?
- length of the vocal cords
- the force of air across the vocal cords
What is laryngitis?
- infection from a cold that stimulates inflammation of the larynx
- vocal cords swell
- hoarsness
What can cause hoarseness?
- overuse of voice
- growths on vocal cords
- inhalation of chemicals
- paralysis of laryngeal muscles
What is Carina?
- marks where the trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi
- cough reflex
What are the respiratory zones?
conducting and respiratory zones
Conducting zone
interconnecting tubes and cavities both outside and within lungs
-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone
tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between blood and air
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
How does tissue change along conducting pathways?
- supportive connective tissue changes from c-shaped rings to irregular cartilage plates
- epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to ciliated/ non simple cuboidal/ columnar
- smooth muscle becomes important as cartilage decreases
What are hiccups?
diaphragmatic spasm causing sudden inhalation that is interrupted by spasmodic closure of epiglottis
-caused by gas in stomach, eating too fast/ much and fizzy drinks
___________ constricts terminal bronchioles
nicotine
______ in smoke binds to Hb
CO
_______ in smoke cause excess _____ ______, inhibit the movement of cilia and depress macrophage activity
irritants
mucus
secretion
