Reverse Common small parts pathology test

Question 1

smooth rounded edges do not invade surrounding tissue rounded or oval long axis parallel to the chest wall isoechioc with normal breasat tissue

Answer 1

appearance of benign lesions of the breast

Question 2

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irregular walls often spiculated margins which are finger like extensions extending out in numerous directions from the mass disrupt normal breast tissue and cause nipple retraction and skin dimpling due to pulling on coopers ligament sharp angular margins microlobulations taller tan wide hypoechoic with weak internal echoes

Answer 2

appearance of malignant lesions of the breast

Question 3

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fibroadenoma growth stimulated with estrogen develop due to failure of the fibrous and epithelial cells to regress during the 2nd 1/2 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 3

most common benign breast tumor

Question 4

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large rounded lobulations oval, homogenious, wider than tall

Answer 4

appearance of fibroadenoma

Question 5

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changes from oval to round echogenic hilum becomes more difficult to detect same shape when you turn on it

Answer 5

appearance of malignant lymph node

Question 6

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graves disease

Answer 6

most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism

Question 7

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women over 30

Answer 7

graves disease affects

Question 8

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hypoechoic gland with diffuse enlargement no discrete nodules intense color doppler-thyroid storm inferno

Answer 8

appearance of graves disease

Question 9

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bulging eyes agitation weight loss

Answer 9

patient with graves disease

Question 10

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radioactive ablation with lifelong supplements of sinthroid

Answer 10

treatment of graves disease

Question 11

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hashimoto’s disease

Answer 11

most common form of thyroiditis

Question 12

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affects middle aged women autoimmune disorder

Answer 12

hashimoto’s disease

Question 13

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enlarged homogeneous hypoechic thyroid texture discrete nodules less common acute stage has less vascularity chronic stage will have increased color doppler when TSH elevates atrophic stage depicts small, heterogeneous gland that is hypovasvular

Answer 13

appearance of hashimoto’s disease

Question 14

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variable size homogenous not necessarily associated with thyroid enlargement range from anechoic to hyperechoic commonly have a peripheral halo hyperfunctioning adenomas can have increased blood flow

Answer 14

appearance of thyroid adenoma

Question 15

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variable sonographic appearance, usually enlarged, irregular, nodular, heterogeneous,and often not symmetrical most have similar appearance to thyroid adenomas, including halos and homogenous echogenicity nodules may also have cystic areas, calcifications an colloid cyst formation

Answer 15

appearance of mutinodular goiter (nodular hyperplasia)

Question 16

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nodular hyperplasia (multinodular goiter)

Answer 16

most common thyroid abnormality

Question 17

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cavernous hemangioma usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally

Answer 17

most common benign tumor of the liver

Question 18

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hyperechoic and typically has posterior enhancement usually the right lobe and near the dome

Answer 18

appearance of cavernous hemangioma

Question 19

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focal nodular hyperplasia women under 40 and asymptomatic

Answer 19

2nd most common benign mass of the liver

Question 20

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most in right lobe hyper to iso echoic many have central scar

Answer 20

appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia

Question 21

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fatty liver/fatty sparing

Answer 21

an acguired diffuse disorder resulting in an accumulation of triglycerides with the hepatocytes

Question 22

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not always uniform and can present focal fatty liver (patchy distibution) focal sparing (mass like hypoechoic regions in and echogenic liver) often near the GB @ the porta hepatis, caudate lobe, and left lobe

Answer 22

appearance of fatty liver/fatty sparing

Question 23

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liver echogenicity compared to right kidney

Answer 23

most important in making diagnosis of fatty liver

Question 24

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riedels lobe

Answer 24

congenital varient of liver

Question 25

# Reverse deck anterior projection of the liver extending to near the iliac crest not merely an elongated inferior posterior segment extending over the right kidney

Answer 25

appearance of riedels lobe

Question 26

# Reverse deck metastatic disease

Answer 26

most common cancerous mass of the liver

Question 27

# Reverse deck GI including GB and pancreas, breast, and lung

Answer 27

metastatic disease of the liver most commonly from

Question 28

# Reverse deck hyperechoic, hypoechoic, bulls eye, calcified, cystic, diffuse

Answer 28

appearance of metastatic disease of liver

Question 29

# Reverse deck hepatocellular carcinoma common in men associated with w/ chronic cirrhosis and Hep B and C

Answer 29

primary metastatic desease of the liver

Question 30

# Reverse deck isoechoic with halo, cotton balls, or can loot like lots of cysts

Answer 30

appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 31

# Reverse deck ascites

Answer 31

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 32

# Reverse deck echo free fluid regions indented and shaped by the surrounding organs 1st fills pouch of douglas before is ascend to the paracolic gutters, major flow from the pelvis is via the right side small bowel loops sink and float within the fluid

Answer 32

appearance of ascites

Question 33

# Reverse deck hepatic cysts or liver cysts (IDK)

Answer 33

occur in 5% of people over the age 50 often seen in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney desease

Question 34

# Reverse deck smooth, thin, well defined walls round or oval anechoic increased posterior enhancement (though transmission) single or numerous

Answer 34

appearance of liver cyst

Question 35

# Reverse deck pancreatic adenocarcinoma most often in head and usually cause obstruction of CBD, GB, and hydrops and jaundice

Answer 35

irregular, hypoechoic lesion, dilated pancreatic duct, liver and para-aortic nodes

Question 36

# Reverse deck ABD pain back pain painless jaundice weight loss

Answer 36

symptoms of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 37

# Reverse deck acute pancreatitis

Answer 37

pancreas appears inflamed and releases enzymes into the surrounding pancreatic tissue. Hypoechoic and edematous with irregular borders. Pancreatic duct may become enlarged

Question 38

# Reverse deck chronic pancreatitis

Answer 38

pancreas appears hyperechoic with echogenic foci andomly dispersed throughout the gland

Question 39

# Reverse deck pseudocysts

Answer 39

an accumulation of pancreatic fluid and necrotic debris confined by the retroperitoneum

Question 40

# Reverse deck acute pancreatitis chronic panreatitis pancreatic trauma pancreatic ductal obstruction pancreatic neoplasms

Answer 40

common causes of pseudocysts

Question 41

# Reverse deck ABD trauma

Answer 41

most common cause for pseudocysts in children

Question 42

# Reverse deck splenic calcifications (granulomatous infection)

Answer 42

focal lesions in the spleen resulting from previous infections

Question 43

# Reverse deck bright echogenic lesions with or without shadowing

Answer 43

appearance of granulomatous infection (splenic calcifications)

Question 44

# Reverse deck tuberculosis and histoplasmosis

Answer 44

most common cause of spenic calcifications (granulomatous infections)

Question 45

# Reverse deck accessory spleen

Answer 45

common congenital anomaly of the spleen

Question 46

# Reverse deck well circumcised typically rounded and isoechoic with the spleen typically found at the lower splenic pole or near the hilum

Answer 46

appearance of accessory spleen

Question 47

# Reverse deck column of bertin

Answer 47

priminent infolding of the renal cortex which indents the renal medullary. Columns have an echogenicity similar to renal paenchyma and are continous with the renal cortex. Do not distort the renal cortex

Question 48

# Reverse deck dromedary hump

Answer 48

bulge of the renal cortex that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney. more often on the left than the right. identical echogenicity as renal corted and can mimic a cortical tumor. Cortical border is intact and hump will contain normal appearing pyramid structures. Little bit of fat in hump

Question 49

# Reverse deck fetal lobulation

Answer 49

developmental varient seen more in children and sometimes in adults. Typical smooth cortical border appears indented or undulated between the calyces, giving the kidney surface a lobulated appearance. Cortical borders are still intact and parenchymal thickness is uniform through kidney. Cases of renal scarring and/or insufficiency will demonstrate cortical thinning

Question 50

# Reverse deck duplex collecting system

Answer 50

on both the long and transverse images the central renal sinus appears as two echogenic regions that are separated by a cleft or normal renal tissue. On continuous transverse imaging one image will appear to have no central medullary tissue only parenchymal tissue.

Question 51

# Reverse deck junctional defect

Answer 51

triangular echogenic area in the upper pole of renal cortex. Not to be confused with angiomyolipoma which is a round echogenic parenchymal mass found anywhere within the renal parenchyma

Question 52

# Reverse deck extrarenal pelvis

Answer 52

renal pelvis portion of the collecting system extends outside of the confines of the central renal sinus. Appears as a central cystic area that is either partially or entirely beyond the confines of the kidney

Question 53

# Reverse deck nephrolithiasis (kidney stone) more common in men

Answer 53

most common renal problem

Question 54

# Reverse deck echogenic foci with posterior acoustic shadowing stones within the cortex are easier to distinguish than stones within the medullary and prominent renal sinus. Fat with weak shadowing can mimic stones

Answer 54

appearance of nephrolithiasis

Question 55

# Reverse deck simple cortacle renal cyst

Answer 55

Smooth thin well defined walls round or oval anechoic (low level echoes = artifact Vs pathology) increases posterior acoustic enhancement can be single or numerous, found anywhere in the kidney (exophoc, parenchymal, or medullary

Question 56

# Reverse deck parapelvic cysts

Answer 56

cysts within the renal collecting system (medullary)

Question 57

# Reverse deck anechoic cyst located in the renal hilum will distort the renal sinus fat and does not communicate with the collecting system well defined but will have irregular borders caused from the compression of the adjacent renal sinus structures enlarge and cause renal obstruction

Answer 57

appearance of parapelvic cysts

Question 58

# Reverse deck obstructive hydornephrosis

Answer 58

fluid filled separation of the renal sinus with an appearance that conforms to the calyces and renal

Question 59

# Reverse deck 1 small separation or splaying of the calyces 2 fluid extends into the major and minor calyces, bear claw effect, with minimal thinning of the cortex 3 massive dilation of the renal pelvis with significant loss of renal cortex

Answer 59

3 grades of obstructive hydronephrosis

Question 60

# Reverse deck renal dilation must have connecting calyces to by hydro important to follow the renal dilation as distal as possible in an attempt to determine the cause and location of the hydro

Answer 60

criteria for differentiating hydro from para pelvic cysts

Question 61

# Reverse deck nonobstructive hydronephrosis

Answer 61

dilation of the renal sinus and pelvis without an actual blockage of the flow of urine into the bladder

Question 62

# Reverse deck an overly distended bladder UTI or extrinsic blockage of the ureters and or bladder from retroperitoneal adenopathy pelvic masses/uterine fibroids pregnancy enlarged prostate

Answer 62

common causes of nonobstructive hydronephrosis

Question 63

# Reverse deck check for bilateral ureteral jets

Answer 63

what should you do when a dilation is noted