Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ryan's shit list - Step 1 > RSL - Neuro > Flashcards

RSL - Neuro Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger. Destruction –> Anorexia, failure to thrive (infants). inhibited by leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Medial hypothalamus

A

Satiety. Destruction –> hyperphagia. stimulated by leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Cooling, parasympathetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Posterior Hypothalamus

A

Heating, sympathetics. Loss of posterior hypothalamus –> cold blooded animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

arcuate nucleus hypothalamus

A

Secretion of dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paraventricular:

A

ADH, CRH, Oxytocin (mostly), TRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Supraoptic

A

ADH(mostly), Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

VentroposterioLateral Nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: DCML, Spinothalamic
Info: Vibration, proprioception, pressure, touch, pain, temperature
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ventroposteriomedial nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: Trigeminal, Gustatory pathway
Info: Facial Sensation, Taste
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lateralgeniculate nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: CN II
Info: Vision
Output: Calcarine sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Medialgeniculate nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Info: Hearing
Output: Auditory cortex of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: basal ganglia, cerebellum
Info: Motor
Output: Motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Limbic system Functions

A 
Emotion, (Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, fucking)
Long term memory
Olfaction
Behavioural modification
ANS function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Limbic system contents

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebellar Superior Peduncle

A

Cerebllum –> cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cerebellar Middle peduncle

A

Cortex –> Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebellar inferior peduncle

A

Spinal Cord –> cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Athetosis
Presentation:
Lesion:

A

Presentation: Slow writhing movements, especially in fingers
Lesion: Basal Ganglia (ie. huntingtons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dystonia

Presentation:

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hemiballismus
Presentation:
Lesion:

A

Presentation: Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm (+/- ipsilateral leg)
Lesion: Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (ie. lacunar stroke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myoclonus

Presentation:

A

Sudden, brief uncontrolled muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amygdala Lesion (+ association)

A

Klüver bucy syndrome (disinhibited behavior; hypersexualized, hyperphagia, hyperorality)
Associated with HSV1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Frontal lobe lesion

A

Disinhibition and deficiets in concentration, orientation, judgement; may have re-emergence of primative reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Non-dominant side Parietal-temporal lesion

A

Hemispacial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dominant side Parietal-temporal lesion (+ disease)
Agraphia, acalculia, Finger agnosia, left-right disorientation (Gerstmann syndrome)
26
Cerebellar vermis Lesion
Truncal ataxia, dysarthria
27
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
Eyes deviate away from side of lesion
28
Frontal eye field lesion
Eyes look towards the lesion
29
MAC (minimal alveolar concentration)
Low MAC = High potency
30
Blood: gas and onset of drug time
High Blood:Gas coefficient = Slow onset (lots stuck in blood)
31
Medial medullary syndrome
Anterior spinal (*Motor, proprioception, hypoglossal)
32
Lateral medullary syndrome (wallenberg)
PICA (*Nucleus accumbens --> hoarsness, dysphagia)
33
Lateral pontine syndrome
AICA (*Facial nucleus --> Paralysis, loss of anterior 2/3 taste
34
Ischemia detection (Time): CT vs MRI
CT: 6-24h MRI: 3-30 min
35
Time since ischemic event: Histology | |__ __| __ __ | __ __ | __
Onset: | (nothing) (red neurons) 1 day: | Neutrophils Macrophages 1 week: | Reactive gliosis Glial scar 1 month: | Cavity / cyst
36
Central post-stroke pain syndrome: symptoms
Allodynia (ordinarily painless stimuli cause pain) | Dysesthesia (Altered perception of stimuli)
37
Spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)
Congenital degeneration of the anterior horns --> LMN lesion --> Floppy baby syndrome (hypotonia, tongue fasiculations)
38
Friedreich Ataxia COD, dysfunction
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | - Impairment in mitochondrial functioning
39
Dermatomes: | C2, C3, C4, T4, T7, T10, L1, L4, S234
C2 - Skull cap, C3 - Turtle neck, C4 - low collar, T4 - Nipple, T7 - Xiphoid, T10 - Umbilicus, L1 - inguinal ligment, L4 - Knee cap, S234 - Errection and sensation to penile and anal zones
40
reflexes: S1 S2, L3 L4, T5 T6, T7 T8, L1 L2, S3 S4
``` Achillies: S1 S2, Patellar: L3 L4, Bicepts: T5 T6, Tricepts: T7 T8, Cremaster: L1 L2, Anal wink: S3 S4 ```
41
Moro Reflex
abduct/extend arms when startled and then bring them together
42
Rooting reflex
Nipple seeking
43
Sucking reflex
if top of mouth is touched
44
Palmar reflex
Flex fingers when palm is stroked
45
Plantar reflex
Babinski sign
46
Galant reflex
Stroke lateral spine --> hip flexion in that direction
47
Optic canal passageway
CN II, opthalmic artery, Central retinal vein
48
Superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibres
49
Foramen rotundum
CN V2
50
Foramen ovale
VN V3
51
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
52
Internal auditory meatus
CN VII, VIII
53
Jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein
54
Hypoglossal canal
CN XII
55
Foramen magnum
Spinal roots of CN XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries
56
Nucleus Solitarius
Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention) CN VII, IX, X
57
Nucleus Ambiguus
Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, Upper GI | CN IX, X, XI
58
Dorsal motor nuclei
Autonomic fibres to the heart, lung, and GI | CN X
59
Cingulate herniation under ___
Falx cerebri: Anterior artery compression
60
Transtentorial herniation
Caudal displacement of brainstem: Duret hemorrhages (fatal)
61
Uncal herniation through __
Tentorium cerebelli: CN III, PCA, Contralateral crus
62
Presbyopia
Inability to accomodate (possibly due to old age --> decreased elasticity)
63
Scotoma
area of lost vision (scotoma; darkness - greek)
64
Edingerwestfal nucleus -->
--> CN III --> Ciliary ganglion --> Ciliary muscle/ pupil constrictor
65
Superior salivary nucleus -->
- -> CN VII --> Pterygopalantine ganglion --> Lacrimal and nasal glands - -> Submandibular ganglion --> Submandibular and sublingual gland
66
Inferior salivary nucleus -->
--> CN IX --> Otic ganglion --> parotid gland
67
Marcus Gunn Pupil
Afferent pupillary defect
68
Frontotemporal dementia: Histology
Pick bodies; silver-staining spherical tau protein aggregates
69
Krabbe Disease
Galactocerebrosidase mutation: Destruction of myelin sheath. Globoid cells
70
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Arylsulfatase A deficiency: Sulfatides buildup --> destruction of myelin sheath
71
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Can't break down VLCFA
72
Cluster headaches
Repetitive brief headaches, unilateral (periorbital), associated with lacrimation/rhinorrhea Duration: 15min - 3h Treat: sumatriptan
73
Tension
Tightness in band like constriction, constant, associated with stress, bilateral Duration: >30 min Treat: analgesics, NSAIDs,
74
Migraine
Unilateral, pulsading pain, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia. Dt/ iritation of CN V, meninges, or blood vessels Duration: 4-72h Treat: Triptans, NSAIDS, prophylaxis with propranolol, topiramate, CCBs
75
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Port-wine stain of face, ipsilateral Leptomeningeal angioma, episcleral hemangioma STURGE: Sporatic, port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications (CNS), Unilateral, Retardation, Glaucoma (episcleral hemangioma), GNAQ, Epilepsy (ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma)
76
Neurofibromatosis
NF1 on Ch 17, neurofibromin --| RAS, - Café au lait spots, - Lisch nodules (hamartoma of Iris) - Cutaneous neurofibromas - optic gliomas - pheochromocytomas
77
Glioblastoma Multiforme | - Histology
AKA grade IV astrocytoma | - pseudopallisading pleomorphic cells tumor cells border areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
78
Meningioma histology
Whorled pattern, psammoma bodies, arise from arachnoid villi
79
Oligodendroglioma histology
Fried egg appearance, often calcified tumor intra parenchymal
80
Pilocytic astrocytoma histology
Rosenthal fibres: eosinophilic corkscrew fibres | solid and cystic
81
Medulloblastoma histology
Homer-wright rosettes (small blue round cells) | solid
82
Ependymoma Histology
rod shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies)
83
Nissl substance
Rough ER
84
Locus Ceruleus
Large stores of NE, associated with panic attacks and panic disorder
85
Raphe nucleus
5-HT; Anorexia, depression, sleep disorders
86
Wernicke-encephalopathy
Confusion, Nystagmus, Opthalmoplegia, Ataxia, anterograde amnesia (giving dextrose without thiamine --> wernicke)
87
Korsakoff psychosis
anterograde + retrograde amnesia, lack of insight, confabulation (chronic thiamine def.)
88
Lacunar infarct etiology
1. Atherosclerosis 2. Lipohyalinosis Risk factors: hypertension / DM
89
TCA induced QRS prolongation, hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmia treatment
``` Sodium bicarb (Na+) [TCAs (quinidine like effects)] ```
90
Rb mutation associations
Retinoblastoma (white eye reflex) | Osteosarcoma
91
Huntingtons: lesion + hormone levels
GABAergic neuronal death in Caudate dt/ Glutamate --> NMDA-R --> toxicity - Low GABA, High DOPAMINE, low Ach
92
Alzheimers: protective genotype + worsening genotype
ApoE2 = Decreased risk | ApoE4, presenilin1/2, APP = increased risk
93
Acute neuronal injury (red neuron) (12-24h later)
- Shrinkage of cell body - Loss of nissl substance - nuclear pyknosis - Eosinophilia of cytoplasm (Dt/ severe transient injury to neuron --> cell death)
94
Axonal reaction (24h - 48h)
- Cell body enlargement - dispersion of nissl substance - enlarged nucleolus, eccentric nucleus (loss of axon/severance)
95
Neuronal atrophy
``` Loss of neurons and fxnal groups of neurons Reactive gliosis (dt. progressive degenerative disease) ```
96
Dandy walker malformation
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
97
Ach location of synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
98
Nucleus accumbens
Reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
99
K complexes and sleep spindles
N2 (bruxism stage)
100
Osmotic Demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)
Hypo --> normal natremia
101
alpha synuclein
intracellular eosinophilic inclusions
102
retinitis pigmentosa
Bone spicule-shaped deposits around macule
103
Papilledema
Optic disc swelling, enlarged blind spot, elevated optic disc with blurred margins
104
Frontotemporal dementia
Silverstaining spherical tau protein
105
Lewy body dementia
Alpha synuclein defect (lewy bodies) | Dementia followed by parkinosns

Ryan's shit list - Step 1 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions