RSL - Endocrine

Question 1

Thyroglossal duct cyst: (diff from cervical sinus)

Answer 1

midline, moves with swallowing

Question 2

GLUT 1:

Answer 2

Insulin independent: RBCs, Brain, Cornea

Question 3

GLUT 2:

Answer 3

Insulin independent: beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

Question 4

GLUT 3:

Answer 4

Insulin independent: brain

Question 5

GLUT 4:

Answer 5

Insulin de-pendent: Striated muscle, adipose tissue

Question 6

GLUT 5:

Answer 6

Insulin independent: Spermatocytes, GI tract

Question 7

Ghrelin

Answer 7

Stimulates hunger, GH release. Produced by stomach. Increased in Prader-willi

Question 8

Leptin

Answer 8

Satiety hormone: produced by fat cells

Question 9

GLucocorticoid indusced myopathy

Answer 9

Proximal muscle weakness, atrophy without pain, Normal CK

Question 10

Hypocalcemia

Answer 10

Cramps, pain, parasthesia, carpopedal spasm

Question 11

PTH: how increase Ca+ kidney

Answer 11

DCT

Question 12

PTH: how decrease PO4- kidney

Answer 12

PCT

Question 13

PTH: how increase Vit D kidney

Answer 13

Stimulates 1-alpha hydroxylase in PCT

Question 14

PTH: how increase Ca++ from bone

Answer 14

Signals increase MCSF and RANK-L –> osteoclasts reabsorbing Ca++

Question 15

Factors that increase TBG

Answer 15

OCP (estrogen), Pregnancy

Question 16

Factors that decrease TBG

Answer 16

Liver failure, Steroids

Question 17

Thyroid peroxidase action (3)

Answer 17

Oxidation of I-, organification of iodide, Coupling MIT and DIT

Question 18

Metyrapone

Answer 18

Blocks last step in cortisol synthesis: 11-deoxycorisol –> cortisol

Question 19

Adrenal insufficiency: when is aldosterone function retained

Answer 19

Secondary/tertiary

Question 20

neurblastoma: Histology

Answer 20

Homer wright rosettes

Question 21

Neuroblastoma: presentation vs Wilms

Answer 21

Firm, irregular, mass that can cross the midline

Question 22

Neuroblastoma: Associated symptoms

Answer 22

Opsoclonus, myoclonus syndrome

Question 23

Neuroblastoma: Urine

Answer 23

Homovanillic acid (dopamine), and VMA (norepinephrine)

Question 24

Neuroblastoma: Markers

Answer 24

Bombesin and enolase positive

Question 25

Neuroblastoma: Gene

Answer 25

N-myc

Question 26

Hypo vs hyperthyroidism hair

Answer 26

hypo: brittle, Hyper: fine

Question 27

Hashimotos HLA association

Answer 27

DR5

Question 28

Hashimotos complication

Answer 28

Non-hodgkins lymphoma: marginal zone B cell lymphomao

Question 29

hashimotos histology

Answer 29

Hurthle cells; large lymphoid aggregate with germinal centers

Question 30

COngenital hypothyroidism: symptoms

Answer 30

pot-bellies, poor brain development, protruberant tongue and umbilicus, puffy faced, pale

Question 31

Reidel thyroiditis:

Answer 31

local manifestation of IgG4 related systemic disease

Question 32

Riedal thyroiditis: Symptoms

Answer 32

Round, firm, painless goiter

Question 33

Qe Quirvains: symptoms

Answer 33

Very tender thyroid, jaw pain, elevated ESR (dt. flu like disease)

Question 34

Toxic multinodular goiter

Answer 34

Iodine def --> T3/4 production independent of TSH

Question 35

Jod-Basedow phenomenon

Answer 35

Thyrotoxicosis if patient with I- defeciency goiter is given I-

Question 36

Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Histology

Answer 36

Empty appearing nuclei with central clearing (Orphan annie nuclei; overlapping with finely dispersed chromatin), psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves

Question 37

Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: mutations

Answer 37

RET and BRAF

Question 38

Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Pre-disposing conditions

Answer 38

Irradiation

Question 39

Chvostek sign

Answer 39

tapping on cheek (hypocalcemia)

Question 40

Trousseau sign

Answer 40

occlusion of brachial artery (hypocalcemia)

Question 41

Empty sella syndrome

Answer 41

Atrophy or compression of pituitary, often idiopathic, common in obese women

Question 42

Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

Answer 42

Glucosuria --> life threatening diuresis

Question 43

Diabetes HLA association

Answer 43

DR3/4

Question 44

Glucagonoma symptoms

Answer 44

Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema), Diabetes, (hyperglycemia), DVT, and depression

Question 45

Whipple's triad

Answer 45

Hypoglycemia, symptoms of hypoglycemia, recovery after normalization of glucose symptoms.

Question 46

Complications of Carcinoid tumor

Answer 46

Right sided heart valvular disease, pellagra`

Question 47

MEN 1 gene

Answer 47

MEN1; menin, a tumor suppressor

Question 48

MEN 2 gene

Answer 48

RET: receptor tyrosine kinase