RSL - Repro Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Scrotum lymphatics
A
Superficial inguinal (basically everything from below umbilicus; except: Testes, glans penis, and cutaneous portion of posterior calf)
2
Q
Glans penis
A
Deep inguinal (also receive from superficial inguinal)
3
Q
Müllerian agenesis
A
Presents as primary amenorrhea, lack of uterine development, with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics (functional ovaries)
4
Q
Prostate origins
A
Urogenital sinus (Female paraurethral glands of skene)
5
Q
Lymph drainage: proximal vagina/uterus
A
Opturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes
6
Q
Infundibulopelvic ligament
A
Ovaries to lateral pelvic wall; contains ovarian vessels
7
Q
Cardinal ligament
A
Cervix to side of pelvis; uterine vessels
8
Q
Ovarian ligament
A
Ovary to side of lateral uterus
9
Q
Female orgasm: Excitement
A
Uterus elevates, vaginal lubrication
10
Q
Female orgasm: Plateau
A
Expansion of inner vagina
11
Q
Path of sperm
A
(SEVEN UP) Seminiferous tubules Epididymous Vas def Ejaculatory duct Urethra Penis
12
Q
Erection nerve
A
PSNS: pelvic nerve
13
Q
Emission nerve
A
SNS: Hypogastric nerve
14
Q
Ejaculation nerve
A
Visceral and somatic nerves: pudendal nerve
15
Q
Spermatogonia
A
Germ cells –> Spermatocyte –> Spermatids –> spermatozoon
16
Q
Sertoli cells: Secretions
A
Inhibin, ABP, MIF, Aromatase
17
Q
Sertoli cells: Location / homolog
A
line seminiferous tubules, Homolog of granulosa cell
18
Q
Sertoli cells: Heat sensitive?
A
yes
19
Q
Leydig cells: secretions
A
Testosterone
20
Q
Leydig cells: location homolog
A
Interstitium / homolog of theca interna cells
21
Q
Leydig cells: heat sensitive?
A
no
22
Q
Estrogen from Ovary;
A
17beta-estradiol
23
Q
Estrogen from placenta:
A
Estriol
24
Q
Estrogen from fat
A
Estrone
25
Potencies of estrogen?
Estradiol>Estrone>Estriol
26
Estrogen & prolactin
Estrogen --> Prolactin
27
Estrogen & lipids
Increase HDL, Decrease LDL
28
Myometrial excitability: Progesterone / Estrogen
Estrogen increases
| Progesterone decreases,
29
Oligomenorrhea
>35-Day cycle
30
Polymenorrhea
31
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal cycle (irregular)
32
Menorrhagia
Heavey menstration
33
Dysmenorrhea
Pain with menses
34
Meiosis 1 happens;
During fetal life, arrested in prophase until ovulation, then just prior to ovulation meiosis 1 is completed
35
Meiosis 2 happens:
Arrested in metaphase 2 until fertilization
36
Mittelschmerz
Transient midcycle ovulatory pain; peritoneal irritation
| Can mimic appendicitis
37
menopause Hormonal changes:
Decreased Estrogen, Increased FSH, Increased LH, Increased GnRH
38
DHT and testosterone origin
Testes
39
Androsteinedione origin
Adrenal
40
Klinefelter syndrome: Hormones
Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules --> low inhibin --> increased FSH
Abnormal Leydig cell function -->low testosterone --> High estrogen
41
Kallman syndrome
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism: Low GnRH, FSH, LH, Testosterone. --> Infertiility, Low sperm count in men; Amenorrhea in women. Also have anosmia.
Defective migration of GnRH cells and formation of olfactory bulb
42
Gestational HTN: (+ treatment)
BP>140/90 with no pre-existing hypertension. Treat with antihypertensives (Hydralazine, methyldopa, nifedipine, labetalol)
43
Preeclampsia: (+ treatment)
HTN + Proteinuria + Edema (treat with antiHTN + IV MgS for seizure prevention)
44
Eclampsia: (+treatment)
Pre-eclampsia + Seizures (Treat: Anti-HTN, IV MgS, Delivery of baby)
45
HELLP syndrome
Hemolysis (thrombi--> shistocytes), Elevated liver enzymes (liver ischemia), Low platelets (thrombi)
46
HELLP complication:
Hepatic subcapsular hematomas --> rupture --> severe hypotension
47
Placental abruption (abruptio placentae)
Premature separation of placenta from uterine wall
48
Abruptio placentae risk factors
Trauma, Smoking, Pre-eclamsia, cocaine
49
Abruptio placentae symptoms
Painful bleeding in third trimester, Maternal shock, DIC
50
Placenta accreta
attached to myometrium
51
Placenta increta
Inserted into the myometrium
52
Placenta pancreta
Perforates through myometrium
53
Placenta accreta/increta/pancreta presentation
No separation of placenta after delivery --> bleeding --> sheehan syndrome
54
Placenta previa (complete and partial)
Complete covers cervical internal os completely
55
Vasa Previa: pathophys
Fetal vessels run over cervical OS
56
Vasa Previa: Triad
Painless bleeding, Fetal Bradycardia, membrane rupture
57
Vasa previa: Associations
velamentous umbilical cord insertion (Cord inserts into chorioamniotic membrane rather than placenta
58
Gynecological tumor incidence (Cervical, endo, ovarian)
Endo>Ovarian>Cervical
59
Gynecological tumor prognosis (Cervical, endo, ovarian)
Worst: Ovarian >Cervical >Endometiral
60
vaginal Squamous cell CA: MCC
Cervical SCCa
61
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
Adenosis--> CC adenocarcinoma (DES exposure)
62
Sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant)
Girls, spindle shapped cells, Desmin +
| Grape-like mass emerging from vagina
63
HPV 16/18 pathogenesis
produce E6 --> inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor,
| Produce E7 --> inhibition of Rb tumor supressor
64
Invasice cervical carcinoma: lateral growth comp.
Blockage of ureters
65
Extramammory pagets of vulva
malignant epidermis (no underlying cancer). Carcinoma in situ; PAS +, Keratin +, S100 - (rules out melanoma)
66
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva (two types)
```
HPV related (>40 yrs old, Vulvar intraepithelial dysplasia)
HPV unrelated: Long standing lichen sclerosis (>70)
```
67
Follicular cyst
high estrogen --> no LH surge --> Unruptured graffian follicules
68
Theca-Lutein cyst
High beta-hCG --> Maintenance of ruptured cyst --> sealed off
69
Ovarian tumors: Serous cystadenoma: histology
Fallopian tube-like epithelium
70
Ovarian tumors: Mucinous cystadenoma: histology
Endocervix epithelium (columnar W goblet cells)
71
Ovarian tumors: Brenner tumor histology
Urothelium with coffee bean nuclei
72
Ovarian tumors: Serous cystadenocarcinoma: histology
Fallopian tube-like epithelium + psammoma bodies
73
Ovarian tumors: Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma: comp.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
74
Ovarian tumors: Struma ovarii
Teratoma containing functional thyroid tissue
75
Ovarian tumors: Immature vs. mature teratoma
```
Immature = Fetal tissue, neuro-ectoderm
Mature = adult tissue, thyroid tissue
```
76
Ovarian tumors: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac tumor)
MCC child tumor; Yellow, friable (hemorrhagic), solid mass. 50% show schiller duval bodies. AFP = tumor marker
77
Ovarian tumors: Dysgerminoma
Fried egg appearance. hCG, LDH = tumor markers
78
Ovarian tumors: Gestational (germ cell) Choriocarcinoma: treatment
Poor response to chemotherapy
79
Ovarian tumors: Granulosa cell tumor: histology
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cells, arranged haphazardly around eosinophilic material resembling primordial follicle)
80
Ovarian tumors: Thecoma
Sex chord stromal tumor (benign)
81
Ovarian tumors: Fibroma triad
Meigs: Ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
82
Adenomyosis
Extension of endometrial glands into the myometrium
83
Endometritis: treatment
Gentamicin + clindamycin
84
Proliferative breast disease: Cystic
Fluid filled, blue dome. duct dilation
85
Proliferative breast disease: Sclerosing adenosis
Increase acini and intralobular fibrosis. Associated with calcifications. increased risk for cancer
86
Lactational mastitis: organism
S. aureus
87
Gynecomastia: drugs
Spironolactone, digoxin, cimetidine, alcohol, ketoconazole (some drugs create awesome knockers)
88
Asherman syndrome
Secondary amenorrhea; dt/ stratum basale loss (ie. DNC)
89
Breast Cancer: Paget cells
Large cells in epidermis with clear halo
90
Breast Cancer: Comedocarcinoma
Subtype of DCIS; Central necrosis +/- calcifications
91
Breast Cancer: Pagets disease
Underlying DCIS --> fills lumen --> moves down tube to nipple --> eczematous patches on nipple
92
Breast Cancer: DCIS
Tumor of tubule cells --> filling lumen
93
Breast Cancer: LCIS
Acini cells tumor
94
Breast Cancer: Invasive ductal
Firm, fibrous, rock hard mass, stellate cells
95
Breast Cancer: invasive ductal: Medullary
Lymphocytic infiltrate, fried egg cells (similar to dysgerminoma, seminoma, oligodendroglioma, multiple myeloma)
96
Breast Cancer: Invasive ductal: inflammatory
Lymphatics infiltration --> peu d'orange
97
Breast Cancer: Invasive lobular
Loss of E-Cadherin, India file
98
Peryonie disease
abnormal curvature of the penis due to fibrous plaque within tunica albuginea. Associated with ED
99
Penile pathology: reddish papules
Bowenoid papulosis: carcinomoa in situ
100
Penile pathology: erythroplakia
Erythroplasia of Queyrat: cancer of glans penis
101
Penile pathology: Leukoplakia
Bowen disease: penile shaft
102
Testosterone and cryptorchidism
normal: unilateral
low: bilateral
103
Spermatocele
Dilated epididymal duct or rete testes
104
Mature teratoma in men: malignant?
yes (children no)
105
Male testes: Embryonal Carcinoma
Malignant, hemorrhagic mass with necrosis, increased hCG
106
Leydig cell tumor
Secretes estrogens / androgens. Histo: reinke crystals
107
Prostatic adenocarcinoma markers
high PSA, low fraction of free PSA
108
Uterus didelphys
Complete failure of fusion --> double uterus, vagina, cervix
109
Lichen sclerosis vs lichen symplus chronicus
LS: leukoplakia w/ parchment paper skin (squamous CCa risk)
LSC: leukoplakia w/ thick leathery skin (no cancer risk)
