RSL - Cardio Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Bulbus cordis
A
Smooth parts of left and right ventricles
2
Q
Primative pulmonary vein
A
smooth part of left atrium
3
Q
Right horn of sinus venosus
A
Smooth part of right atrium
4
Q
Left horn of sinus venosus
A
Coronary sinus
5
Q
Valve development
A
A/P: endocardial cushions of outflow tract M/T: fused endocardial cushions of AV canal
6
Q
Allantois –> urachus –>
A
Median umbilical ligament
7
Q
Ubilical arteries –>
A
Medial umbilical ligaments
8
Q
Umbilical vein
A
LIgamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament)
9
Q
Aortic stenosis radiation
A
to corotids
10
Q
Pulsus parvus et tardus
A
Aortic stenosis
11
Q
Mitral regurg radiation
A
Axilla
12
Q
Tricuspid regurg radiation
A
right sternal border
13
Q
Hyperdynamic pulse / bounding
A
Aortic regurg
14
Q
Quinkes
A
Aortic regurg
15
Q
Opening snap
A
Mitral stenosis
16
Q
continuous machine gun murmor
A
PDA
17
Q
Left infraclavicular area
A
PDA
18
Q
J Joint
A
Junction between end of QRS and beginning of ST segment
19
Q
Speed of conduction: (atria, AV, purkinje, Ventricles)
A
Purkinje > Atria > Ventricles > AV node
20
Q
Speed of Pace makers: SA, AV, Bundle of His/purkinje/ventricles
A
SA>AV>Bundle of His/purkinje/ventricles
21
Q
Conduction pathway after AV node:
A
Common bundles –> Bundle branches –> fascicles –> purkinje fibers –> ventricles
22
Q
Blood supply to AV node
A
RCA, located in the posteroinferior part of interatrial septum
23
Q
Romano-Ward syndrome
A
AD, Congenital long QT syndrome (pure cardio phenotype)
24
Q
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
A
AR, Congenital Long QT syndrome (Sensorineural deafness)
25
Brugada syndrome
AD, Asian males, ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3. Increased risk of V-tach, and SCD Treat: implantable defibrillator
26
Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
MCC of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. Atria --\>Bundle of kent --\> ventricles --\> characteristic delta wave with widened QRS complex and shortened PR interval Complications: Re-entry circuit --\> supraventricular tachycardia
27
Cushing reaction:
Triad of Systolic HTN, Bradycardia, Respiratory irregularity Phase 1: Increased ICP --\> constricted arterioles --\> cerebral ischemia --\> increased pCO2 / H+ --\> reflex increased sympathetics --\> Increased cardiac output / vasoconstriction Phase 2: Increased CO --\> aortic arch --\> reflex PSNS --\> brady cardia (Also; Mechanical pressure on vagus --\> PSNS)
28
Prostacyclin: Platelet aggregation, vaso\_\_\_, vascular permeabilty, Leukocytes
increased Platelet aggregation, vasodilation, increased vascular permeabilty, Leukocytes chemotaxis
29
Prostacyclin physiological antagonist
TXA2
30
Alcohol exposure (anomalies):
VSD, ASD, PDA, Tetralogy of Fallot
31
Congenital rubella (Cardiac anomolies):
Septal defects, PDA, pulmnoary artery stenosis
32
(Cardiac anomolies): Down syndrome
ASD, VSD
33
(Cardiac anomolies): Diabetic mother
Transposition of great vessels
34
(Cardiac anomolies): Marfan/Ehlers Danlos
MVP, Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, aortic regurgitation
35
(Cardiac anomolies): Prenatal lithium
Ebstein anomaly (moved tricuspid)
36
(Cardiac anomolies): Turner syndrome
Bicuspid aorta, coarctation of aorta
37
(Cardiac anomolies): Williams syndrome
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
38
(Cardiac anomolies): 22q11
Truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of fallot
39
Hypertensive urgency
BP \> 180 / \>120
40
Corneal arcus
Lipid deposit in cornea (hypercholesterolemia)
41
Arteriolosclerosis (which vessels)
Small arteries
42
Mönckeberg (medial calcific sclerosis)
medium-sized arteries.
Calcification of elastic lamina of arteries.
Vascular stiffening with out obstruction.
Pipestream appearance on X-Ray.
Does not obstruct blood flow
43
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm risk factors
Associated with Atherosclerosis; (increased age, smoking, male, family history
44
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm risk factors
Associated with Cystic medial degeneration; (HTN, bicuspid aortic valve, connective tissue disease, syphillis)
45
Stanford type A dissection
involves ascending aorta
46
Stanford Type B dissection
does not involve ascending aorta
47
Stable angina ST segment
depression
48
Variant (prinzmetal) angina ST segment
Transient elevation
49
Variant (prinzmetal) angina triggers
Smoking, cocaine, triptans, unknown
50
ST elevation indicates damage to?
Transmural
51
ST depression indicates damage to?
Subendocardium
52
MI complications
Arrythmia, cardiogenic shock, HF
53
MI complications 1day - 3days
Postinfarct fibrinous pericarditis
54
MI complications ~10days
Free wall rupture --\> cardiac tamponade Papillary muscle rupture --\> mitral regurg Interventricular septum rupture Ventricular pseudoaneurysm
55
MI complications \>2weeks
Dressler syndrome, HF, ventricular aneurysm (mural thrombus)
56
Leads V1-2
Anteroseptal (LAD)
57
Leads V3-4
Anteroapical (distal LAD)
58
Leads V5-6
Anterolateral (LAD or LCX)
59
I, aVL
Lateral (LCX)
60
II, III, aVF
Inferior (RCA)
61
V1
Right ventricle
62
Dilated cardiomyopathy - etiologies
Idiopathic/familial, Alcohol, wet Beriberi, Coxsackie B virus, Chronic Cocaine, Chagas, Doxorubicin, Sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, peripartum
63
Eccentric hypertrophy associations
Volume overload, decreased contractility, increased compliance
64
Dilated cardiomyopathy - findings
HF, S3, systolic regurgitant murmur, dilated heart, arrythmias
65
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Findings
S4, systolic murmur (functional aortic stenosis), possibly mitral regurg
66
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - etiologies
Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemachromatosis, Loeffler syndrome, postradiation fibrosis, endocardial fibroelastosis
67
Pulse associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Bisferiens
68
Systolic dysfunction is characterized by:
Decreased contractibility
69
Diastolic dysfunction is characterized by:
Decreased compliance
70
Reverse Bernheim
Right heart --\> left heart failure
71
Initial insult: Hypovolemic shock
Decreased CVP
72
Initial insult: Cardiogenic / obstructive
Decreased CO
73
Initial insult: Distributive
Decreased SVR
74
Roth Spots
round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage
75
Osler nodes
Raised tender lesions on finger or toe pads
76
janeway lesions
Small painless, erethemaous lesions on palm or sole
77
Bacterial endocarditis - S. aureus:
Acute onset; Large vegetations on previously normal valves
78
Bacterial endocarditis - S. viridans:
Subacute; small vegetations on abnormal or diseased valves
79
Bacterial endocarditis - S. Bovis
Colon cancer
80
Bacterial endocarditis - S. epidermidis
prosthetic valves
81
Bacterial endocarditis - IV drug use
Tricuspid; S. aureus, pseudomonas, Candida
82
Libbman sacks endocarditis
Bacterial vegetations on both sides of mitral valve
83
Aschoff bodies
granuloma with giant cells
84
Anitschkow cells
Enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy, rod-like nucleus
85
Rheumatic fever (major criteria)
JONES Joints Carditis Nodules in skin Erythema marginatum Sydenham chorea
86
Acute pericarditis ECG changes
ST elevation / PR depression
87
Beck triad
hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds
88
Pulsus paradoxus
COPD, Asthma, cardiac tamponade, Constrictive pericarditis, Obstructive sleep apnea, croup
89
Kussmaul sign
Paradoxical increase in JVP on inspiration (constricive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomegaly, right atrial or ventricular tumors, tricuspid stenosis)
90
Pericardial knock
More accentuated version of S3 heard earlier in constrictive pericarditis
91
Torsades de pointes
Causes
low K+, Mg+, drugs
92
ANP: what stimulates release?
Increased volume and pressure
93
BNP: what stimulates release?
tension
94
PR depression
Acute pericarditis
