Scott Chapter 11: What wasn't on the last test

Question 1

Saturated has all _____ bonds.

Unsaturated has at least one ____ bond.

Polyunsaturated has more than ______ bonds.

Answer 1

Single

Double

more than 1

Question 2

Neutralization reactions of carboxylic acids with NaOH is a _____/_____ reaction.

The conjugate base of carboxylic acid is called the ______ ion. Which is more soluble in water than carboxylic acid.

Answer 2

Acid / Base

Carboxylate ion

(has ionic bonds)

Question 3

Micelle has a ____ inside and a _____ outside. Which is how soap is made.

Answer 3

Polar inside

Nonpolar outside

FYI: (Nonpolar area is grease trap)

Question 4

Triglycerides are three ________ residues joined to glycerol by ester bonds.

Answer 4

Fatty acid

Question 5

Fats are solids because they contain more _______ fatty acid residues and have melting points above room temp.

Vegetable oils are liquids because they contain a high percentage of __________ fatty acid residues and have melting points below room temp.

Answer 5

Saturated

Unsaturated

Question 6

What are the three Energy Sources?

Answer 6

Carbs

Proteins

Lipids

Question 7

Adipocytes

Answer 7

Fat is stored in adipocytes (fat cells) for future use.

Question 8

Oxidation of Triglyceride:

O₂ can cause oxidation of the hydrocarbon tails of __________ triglycerides, producing small organic molecules that have unpleasant odors.

Answer 8

Unsaturated

Question 9

Catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene produces an ________.

Fully hydrogenated fat does not have a good consistency for cooking.

Answer 9

Alkane

Fully hydrogenated fat does not have a good consistency for cooking.

Question 10

Partial Hydrogenation leaves ____ double bonds, whereas full hydrogenation removes all double bonds.

Answer 10

two

Question 11

Partial hydrogenation converts a ______ into a _______ product which has a good consistency for cooking but does not contain cholesterol found in animal fats.

Answer 11

Vegetable oil

Semisolid

Question 12

Trans fats have been linked to ______ ___ levels, an increased risk of heart disease.

Answer 12

Lowered HDL

_{<em><strong>High HDL = good </strong></em>}

Question 13

Trans Fat:

Partially hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oil converts some of the carbon-carbon double bonds from ____(natural form) into _____ isomers.

Answer 13

Cis

Trans

Question 14

Saponification converts _________ into ________ salts and glycerol.

Answer 14

Triglycerides

Fatty acids

Question 15

Amphipathic

Answer 15

hydrophilic & hydrophobic

Question 16

Are Waxes, Fatty Acids, and Triglycerides

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 16

Hydrophobic

Question 17

______ double layers of amphipathic lipids.

Answer 17

Membranes

Question 18

Phospholipids and Glycolipids are commonly found in ________.

Answer 18

Membranes

Question 19

Phospholipids get their name from the fact that?

Answer 19

Phosphate ion is one of the components used in their formation.

Question 20

_______ are lipids that contain a sugar residue.

Answer 20

Glycolipids

Question 21

Phospholipids are effective as ___________. Why?

Answer 21

Emulsifying agents

Because they are amphipathic

Question 22

An ______ is a colloid formed by combining two liquids.

_{(i.e. keeps oil-water from separating when making mayo.)}

Answer 22

Emulsion

Question 23

______ is a fat substitute.

It’s formed when sucrose forms ester bonds between six and 8 fatty acids.

Answer 23

Olestra

Question 24

How is cholesterol used by the human body?

Answer 24

Cholesterol is incorporated into the membranes. This gives flexible membranes extra rigidity.

It forms starting material for the synthesis of other steroids such as the sex hormones, bile salts and cortisone hormones.

Question 25

Bile salts aid in digestion of triglycerides by acting as emulsifiers. Explain.

Answer 25

Bile acids are **amphipathic** lipids and aid in digestion by forming **emulsions** with dietary lipids. The digestive fluid is mostly an aqueous solution which is not soluble with lipids in our diet such as triglycerides.

Question 26

What are the biological functions of HDL and LDL?

Answer 26

* *HDL** transport cholesterol and phospholipids **from the cells to the liver.** * *LDL** transport cholesterol and phospholipids **from the liver to the cells.**

Question 27

Compare and contrast **facilitated diffusion** and **diffusion** and **active transport**?

Answer 27

**Both diffusion and facilitated** diffusion requires movement of solutes and small particles from a region of **high concentration** of solute to a region of **lower** **concentration,** however, **_facilitated diffusion_ requires protein channels.** **Facilitates diffusion**: release Energy **Active transport** moves solute particles from a region of **low concentration** of solute to a region of **high concentration** and requires an **input of energy.**

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have a wide range of biological effect. * causing pain * causing inflammation * causing fever * affecting blood pressure * inducing labor

Answer 28

Prostaglandins

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are involved in blood clotting

Answer 29

thromboxanes

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ induce muscle contractions in the lungs and are linked to asthma attacks. * some anti-asthma drugs block the production of this.

Answer 30

Leukotrienes

Question 31

Hormones that are derived ***from arachidonic acid*** and other essential 2-carbon fatty acids.

Answer 31

eicosanoids

Question 32

What happens when arachidonic is hydrolyzed?

Answer 32

_forms 3 eicosanoids_ Prostoglands Thromboxanes Leukotriens

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ aides in the following: * syntheizes sex hormones, cortizone, & bile salts. * Adds rigidity to membranes * aides in digestion

Answer 33

Cholesterol