1. Monosaccharides: 2. Oligosaccharides: 3. Polysaccharides:

1. Monosaccharides: Glucose/polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. 2. Oligosaccharides: Lactose/contains 2-10 monosaccharide residues. 3. Polysaccharides: Starch/contain more than 10 monosaccharide residues.

Chapter 10 Flashcards by sandy hicks

Carbohydrates can be placed into one of three categories:

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Monosaccharides:
Oligosaccharides:
Polysaccharides:

Monosaccharides: Glucose/polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Oligosaccharides: Lactose/contains 2-10 monosaccharide residues.
Polysaccharides: Starch/contain more than 10 monosaccharide residues.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“ose” indicates the molecule is a _________.

Aldoses:

Ketoses:

Trioses:

Tetroses:

Pentoses:

Aldohexose:

“ose” indicates the molecule is a carbohydrate.

Aldoses: Contains an aldehyde group.

Ketoses: Contains a ketone.

Trioses: Have 3 carbon atoms.

Tetroses: Have 4 carbon atoms.

Pentoses: Have 5 carbon atoms, and so on.

Aldohexose: Aldehyde sugar w/ 6 carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aldo = _______

Keto = _______

_{<em>The top of their structures</em>}

Aldo = CHO

Keto = CH₂OH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carbohydrates contain _________ atoms and have __________

Chiral Carbon Atoms

Stereoisomers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enantiomers are represented using _____________.

Fischer projection

(3D → 2D drawing)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Fischer projection, _________ sit at the intersection of a vertical and a horizontal line.

The horizontal line represents bonds pointing ________ the viewer, and the vertical lines are for bonds pointing _______ from the viewer.

Chiral Carbon Atoms

Toward / Away

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chiral Carbons must have ______ different groups surrounding it.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of glycolysis?

To convert 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvates.

Generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the process.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What steps in glycolysis involved coupled reactions to ATP? (ie., ATP supplies energy) Why?

Steps 1 & 3 involved coupled reactions to ATP.

Both steps are nonspontaneous.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are the reactions in step 1 and 3 coupled to ATP to make the net reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

Begins as nonspontaneous.

ATP supplies energy to make it spontaneous.

If it were nonspontaneous then the CA cycle will stop.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the coupled reactions to ATP is the change in energy greater than zero or is it less than zero?

Change in energy is negative.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic?

Catabolic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place in?

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the final product of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the fate of the compound that is the final product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate → Ethanol

Pyruvate → Lactate

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA (ca-cylce)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is gluconeogenesis?

What is the role of this process?

The pathway involved in making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources like amino acids, glycerol, CoA and lactate.
Takes place mostly in the liver.
The role of this process is to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the net change during the conversion of pyruvate to glucose?

6 ATP
2 NADH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is gluconeogenesis catabolic or anabolic?

Anabolic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify the compound that is common to gluconeogenesis and the CA cycle?

Oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acetyl-CoA in excess of what can be immediately used by the CA cycle is converted into ____________.

Ketone bodies

FYI: (acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, & acetone)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High concentration of ketone bodies in the blood can lead to _____________, a potentially fatal drop in blood pH caused by the presence of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate.

Ketoacidosis

FYI: (Uncontrolled diabetes, extreme dieting.)

Reactions of Monosaccharides- Reduction:

When D-glucose, D-ylose, and D-Ribose are treated with H₂ and Pt, they are converted into ______________.

Alcohol sugars

Benedict’s reagent is a _____ oxidizing agent.

Mild

Benedict's reagent oxidizes _______ but not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. In nature, these oxidations are catalyzed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Aldehydes Alcohols *(alcohols can oxidize, not w/ benedicts though)* Enzymes

Sugars that give a positive Benedict's test are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Reducing Sugars

Ketones(CH₂OH) will test **negative** with Benedict's test. D-Fructose does not contain an aldehyde(CHO) group, D-Fructose gives a positive Benedict's test. Why?

Under basic conditions of the Benedict's test, **D-fructose rearranges** **to become D-glucose or D-mannose,** **each** of which **is an aldehyde**.

Sugars that give a positive Benedict's test are called **reducing sugars**. What happens during this oxidation process that gives a positive Benedict's test result?

In the process of being oxidized, they **reduce the Cu²⁺ (blue)** present in the reagent **to** **Cu⁺ (red-brown).** The positive reddish brown ppt is due to the copper(I) ion formed.

The product that forms when an aldehyde is reacted with one alcohol molecule is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The product from a ketone and an alcohol is known as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Hemiacetal Hemiketal

When an alcohol molecule is present in the same molecule as an aldehyde or ketone group, a _________ forms.

Cyclic Hemiacetal ***FYI: Cyclic Hemiacetal is a very important part of the chemistry of sugars.***

D-Glucose has one aldehyde and five alcohol groups, which presents the possibility for the existence of a numver of different \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Cyclic Hemiacetals

Pyranose = ______ atoms in ring. Furanose = _____ atoms in ring.

Pyranose = 6 atoms in ring Furanose = 5 atoms in ring.

Anomers: The hemiacetal with the **-OH on carbon 1 pointing _down_** is a called the _______ anomer. The hemiacetal with the **-OH group pointing _up_** is the ________ anomer.

alpha (a) beta (b)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the **interconversion** of the alpha and beta anomers. **"alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta"** "Interconversion": A process in which two things are each converted into the other, often as the result of chemical or physical activity

_Mutarotation_ ***Must be able to open up = _alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta_*** ***In solution, cyclic hemiacetal groups of alpha and beta anomers undergo continuous change.***

When **two alcohol** molecules **react with** an **aldehyde or ketone** in the **presence of H⁺**, an _______ or _______ forms.

Acetal Ketal

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ play a key role in the structures or sucrose, maltose, starch, glycogen etc.

Acetals

Oligosaccharides: 2 and 10 monosaccharide residues are joined to one another by ________ bonds. ***Examples: Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose***

Glycosidic (acetal) bonds

Oligosaccharides: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which contain two monosaccharide residues, are the oligosaccharides found most widely in nature. ***Examples: Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose***

Disaccharides

Is Maltose a reducing sugar?

* In maltose, the glucose residue with the **hemiacetal carbon atom** can **undergo mutarotation**. * When in the **open form**, it **reacts as an aldehyde** and can be **oxidized by Benedict's**. * This makes maltose a reducing sugar. * i.e. **alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta**

What is lactose intolerence? What are the results of lactose intolerence?

_Cannot digest lactose._ **Deficiancy in** beta **galactosidase*****(enzyme)*** that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta(1-4)glycosidic bond in lactose. Intestinal gas buildup

\_\_\_\_\_ & ____ can change the entire makeup of molecule. Give example:

Alpha & Beta The way that alpha and beta are oriented can determine a food being fully digestable vs foods that wont break down all the way (roughage).

Is Sucrose a reducing sugar? Why?

No, it **must** be able to **open** up in order **to mutorotate.**

Polysaccharides are ____ or more monosaccharide residues.

10 or more

Homopolysaccharide: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Cellulose

Cellusulose

* Support to stemps/stalks (**Fiber**) * Tough **water-insoluble** protective barrier * **non-digestable** * **Homopolysaccharide** * *Contains D-glucose*

D-glucose makes ______ and \_\_\_\_\_.

Starch Cellulose

* **Homopolysaccharides** contain ____ monosaccharide, which is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * **Heteropolysaccharides** contain ____ monosaccharides. * **Homopolysaccharides Starch** contains two different homopolysaccharides, _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * **Homopolysaccharides Starch** will also store \_\_\_\_\_\_.

* One * D-Glucose * Two * Amylose & Amylopectin * Energy

What starch is to plants, ______ is to animals.

Glucogen

Polysaccharides: beta-(1→4): \_\_\_\_\_\_ alpha-(1→4): \_\_\_\_\_\_ alpha:-(1→6): \_\_\_\_\_\_ (25→30 units): \_\_\_\_\_\_

Polysaccharides: beta-(1→4): _Cellulose_ alpha-(1→4): _Amylose_ alpha:-(1→6): _Branched_ (25→30 units): _Amylopectin_

* **Glycogenesis** is when glucose (mono) conc. is ___ in the blood. * Equ. shift to store _______ (poly storage). * Enzyme that speeds up this reaction is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * The hormone that activated the enzyme is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.

* High * Glycogen * Glycogen synthase * Insuline *(removes excess glucose & can speed up glycolysis)*

* **Glycogen**_lysis_**** is when glucose (mono) conc. is ___ in the blood. * Enzyme that speeds up this reaction is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * The hormone that activated the enzyme is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.

* Low * Glycogenphosphrylase * Glucogon

How is Amalose and Amalopectine similar? How are they different?

They each consist of glucose residues connected by: **alpha-(1→4) glycocitic bonds.** **Amalopectine** also has alpha-(1→6) at the branching points.

How is the structure of Glycogen similar to Amylopectine?

Both consist of **Glucogen residues** **_**_j_**oined_** by **alpha (1-4)** & **alpha (1-6)** **glycosidic bonds**

Why can humans use starch as food and not cellulose?

Humans have **enzymes that can hydrolyze starch** and these enzymes cannot hydrolyze cellulose